ENGLISH GRAMMAR

STD-3RD A/B

SUBJECT- ENGLISH GRAMMAR

  • First Unit Test Syllabus:
  1. Alphabetical Order
  2. Nouns
  3. More than One
  4. “He" Words and “She" Words
  5. ‘S (e.g. the girl's doll)

 

  • Second Unit Test Syllabus:
  1. Pronouns
  2. Adjectives
  3. Comparison of Adjectives
  4. A, An, The
  5. Verbs

 

  • First Semester Exam Syllabus:
  1. Alphabetical Order
  2. Nouns
  3. More than One
  4. “He" words and “She" words
  5. ‘S (e.g. the girl's doll)
  6. Pronouns
  7. Adjectives
  8. Comparison of Adjectives
  9. A, An, The
  10. Verbs
  11. Present Continuous Tense
  12. Simple Present Tense
  13. Present Continuous Tense and Simple Present Tenses: Revision
  14. Am/Is/Are : Was/Were
  15. Simple Past Tense

 

  • Chapter-1 Alphabetical Order

 

blue      green        red      white        yellow

  • The first letters of these words are in the order of the alphabet.*
  • The word blue comes before the word green because b comes before g in the alphabet. The word green comes before the word red because g comes before r. Red comes before white because r comes before w. White comes before Yellow because w comes before y. The word yellow comes last because y comes after the first letters of the other words. The five words are put in ALPHABETICAL ORDER (= in the order of the alphabet).
  • In a dictionary, words are arranged in alphabetical order so that we can find any word easily. In a telephone directory, too, the names of people are arranged in alphabetical order.
  • Exercise: 1

☆ Below are six sets of letters. Three or four of them are in alphabetical order and the others are not. Underline the ones which are in alphabetical order.

  1. d g  j  n  r  t  y
  2. c f  p  l  s  w  q
  3. h m  n  u  o  q  x
  4. f k  o  s  u  w  z
  5. b e  I  n  r  s  w
  6. a c  e  j  k  t  r

 

  • Exercise: 2

☆ Put each group of words in alphabetical order.

  1. lion tiger deer    giraffe         zebra      camel

Ans. Camel      dear      giraffe      lion      tiger      zebra

 

  1. mango apple pineapple      orange      lemon        Banana

Ans. Apple    banana    lemon    mango    orange    pineapple

 

  1. Hyderabad Chennai Delhi         Agra         Patna         Mumbai

Ans. Agra    Chennai     Delhi     Hyderabad     Mumbai     Patna

 

  1. ruler eraser          ballpoint            notebook        pencil

Ans. Ballpoint     eraser    notebook     pencil      ruler

 

  1. temple church mosque        gurudwara    shrine

Ans. Church    gurudwara    mosque    shrine     temple

     

  • You have learnt to arrange words in alphabetical order according to the first letters of the words. What must be done if words begin with the same letter? You must arrange them according to the second letter. Here is an example:

Tact               Toast             Trunk

 

 

 

  • These three words begin with the same letter. Look at the second letter of each word tact comes before the word toast because a comes before o in the alphabet. Toast comes before trunk because o comes before r.
  • Study also the following examples :

 

Fame      feat      firm      free

Bake       bolt       breeze        bump

Ajay        Anil        Ashok       Atul    Aziz

Corn       edge      lame     leak     loaf     plumb

 

  • Exercise: 3

☆ Put each group of words in alphabetical order.

  1. dock depot         dumb         dive

Ans. depot    dive     dock    dumb

  1. zip zero         zoo      zebra

Ans. zebra   zero     zip     zoo

  1. anchor amuse arch  apron

Ans. amuse      anchor       apron      arch

  1. Mary Sita Kamala         Sheila       Sandhya

Ans. Kamala      Mari       Sandhya       Sheila       Sita

 

 

  • Chapter- 2 Nouns

 

 

 

  • We talk and write in words. We use different kinds of words.
  • Words are divided into eight classes. They are :

 

 

  • The eight classes are called PARTS OF SPEECH. Let us begin to learn about these parts of speech.
  • Study the following :

 

Teacher        Cow        Garden       Scooter

 

The word teacher is the name of a person.

The word cow is the name of an animal.

The word garden is the name of a place.

The word scooter names a thing.

 

  • Teacher, cow, garden and scooter are naming words.
  • Naming words are called

☆ Look at these sentence:  He is a student. He is called Ganesh.

 

 

  • The word student is the name of a person. The word Ganesh is also the name of a person. The word student is a name common to all students. Ganesh is the special name of a particular student. Student is a COMMON NOUN, Ganesh is a PROPER NOUN.
  • Words like boy, woman, mother, son, uncle and doctor are common nouns,. Words like Madhav, Rahim, Robert, Mr Menon and Mrs Patil are proper proper nouns.
  • In the same way the names of places can be either common nouns or proper nouns. City is a common noun and Nagpur is a proper noun. City is a name
 
   


common to all cities. Nagpur is the name of a particular city. Country is a common noun. China is a proper noun.

  • Some pet animals (like dogs and cats) are given special names, e.g., Jimmy, Tommy, Kitty. Such names are also proper nouns.

 

  • Below are further examples.:

 

 

 

Common Nouns

Proper Nouns

festival

Holi, Christmas, Eid

month

April, December

day

Sunday, Monday

language

English, Hindi, Tamil

 

Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.
 

 

 

  • Exercise: 1
  1. Underline the nouns in the following sentences :

 

  1. The man is reading a newspaper.
  2. He goes to the office by bus.
  3. Rekha is singing a song.
  4. My sister knows Urdu.
  5. Mary took the dog to the beach.
  6. I bought this watch in Mumbai.
  7. The Nile is a very long rive
  8. There is a tree beside the house.
  9. Mr Mehta lives in Kolkata.
  10. A woman is standing at the gate.
  11. The car went quickly along the road,
  12. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
  13. Dr Singh is working in
  14. Ashok didn't go to school on
  15. They go to Bengaluru every summer.
  16. The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.
  17. Vijay and I visited Qutab Minar last month.
  18. Diwali is on 12th
  19. We speak on the phone twice a week.
  20. I watched an interesting programme on TV last

          night.

 

  1. Find out the proper nouns in the above sentences. Write them here.

Rekha, Urdu, Mary, Mumbai, Nile, Mr.Mehta, Kolkata, Tuesday, Bengaluru, Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan, Vijay, Qutab Minar, Diwali

 

  • Exercise: 2

Can you do these crossword ? The words to be fitted in are all nouns, which go with the pictures:

Textbook Pg. No. 11,12,13

 

  • Exercise: 3

Look at the nouns fitted into the puzzles in exercise 2. Divide them into three groups: the names of people animals and things. Write the words here:

Textbook Pg. No. 14

 

  • Exercise: 4

Write down:

 

  1. Ten common nouns that are the names of things in your house:

Ans . Vessels, table, T.V., fridge, fan, lights, chair, DVD, mobile, washing machine.

 

  1. Ten common nouns for things that you can see in your school:

Ans. Board, chalk, duster, table, fan, windows, bench, cupboard, light, door.

 

  1. Six proper nouns that are the names of your friends and relatives:

Ans. Write it by your own.

 

  1. Six proper nouns that are the names of places:

Ans. India gate, Red fort, Agra, Himachal Pradesh, Dargeeling, Golden temple.

 


  • Chapter-3 More than One

 

 

  • The nouns girl and pen are singular. SINGULAR means " one"
  • The nouns girls and pens are plural. PLURAL means " more than one"

 

  • To make the plural we usually add -s to the noun.

 

àgirl-girls          àcup-cups

àpen-pens       àtree-trees

 

  • Some nouns form their plural differently.
  • We add -es after nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch and -x.

 

àbus-buses       àbench-benches

àdish-dishes     àfox-foxes

 

  • A few nouns ending in -o have -es in the plural.

 

àhero-heroes              àtomato-tomatoes

àpotato-potatoes      ànegro- negroes

 

  • But most nouns ending in -o have -s.

 

àphoto-photos       àstudio-studios

àkilo-kilos               àvideo- videos

 

  • Nouns ending in a consonant +y change the y into -ies.

àlady-ladies      àfly-flies   

àbaby-babies   àcity-cities

 

But:

 

àtoy-toys           These words end in a vowel+y.

àkey-keys

 

  • Some nouns which end in f or fe have ves in the plural.

 

àlife-lives         àknife-knives  

àcalf-calves      àthief-thieves

àwife-wives     àleaf-leaves

 

  • Note the following plurals. They do not end in -s or -es.

 

àfoot-feet         àwoman-women

àtooth-teeth    àmouse-mice

àman-men        àgoose-geese

àox-oxen           àchild-children

 

  • The nouns sheep and deer do not change in the plural:

 

We say "one sheep", " two sheep", " one deer", " many deer", etc.

 

  • Exercise: 1

 

 

One

More then One

One pencil

Two pencils

One desk

Twelve desks

One foot

Two feet

One watch

Several watches

One house

Three houses

One tomato

Many tomatoes

One thief

Many thieves

One ox

Four oxen

One chair

Two chairs

One man

Three men

One baby

Several babies

One key

Two keys

One photo

Five photos

One goose

Four geese

One fox

Three foxes

One deer

Two deer

☆ Fill in the blanks:

 

  • Exercise: 2

☆ Look at the pictures and complete the sentences under them. You have to use plural of these nouns:

Textbook- Pg. No. 17,18

  • Chapter- 4 “He" Words and “She" Words

 

  • Look at these sentences :
    • This boy is Mr Rama Sharma's son.
    • That girl is Mr Johnson's daughter.
    • The nouns boy and son are "he" words. The nouns girl and daughter are "she" words.
    • Here are further examples :
    • The noun uncle is a "he" word, while the noun aunt is a "she" word.

Ox is a "he" word, while cow is a "she" word.

Lion is a "he" word, while lioness is a "she" word.

“He" word

“she" word

King

Queen

Prince

Princess

Brother

Sister

Grandfather

Grandmother

Husband

Wife

Nephew

Niece

Hero

Heroine

Cock

Hen

Tiger

Tigress

Horse

Mare
  • Exercise: 1

☆ Below is a list of "he" words. Put in the correct "she" words. Choose words from the box.

 
 

wife                       sister          princess               queen          grandmother

heroine                 mare          hen                       niece            tigress
 

 

 

 

  • Chapter- 5 ‘s (e.g. the girl’s doll)

 

 

  • Study the following:
    • the girl's doll (The girl has a doll.)
    • the girls’ doll (The girls have a doll.)
    • the girls' dolls (The girls have dolls.)
    • the children's skipping ropes. (The children have skipping ropes.)

Note:

  • We put ‘s after singular nouns.

          the girl's doll, Anil's cap, Mr Joshi's house We put after plural   

  • We put ‘ after plural nouns ending in -s/-es.

          the girls' dolls, my friends’ CDs,

          the Joshis’ house

          (the Joshis = Mr Joshi and his family)

  • We put 's after plural nouns which do not end in -s/-es.

           the children's dolls, women's hostel

 

àthe baby's toy - one baby one toy

àthe baby's toys- one baby, several toys

àthe babies’ toy- several babies, one toy

àthe babies toys- several babies, several toys

 

  • We use ‘s for people and animals.

For things, we normally use of... not ‘s.

 

 

àthe arm of the chair (Not: the chair's arm)

àthe top of the page (Not : the page's top)

àthe comer of the room (Not: the room's corner)

àthe roof of the building (Not : the building's roof)

 

  • Exercise: 1

☆ Complete the sentences by adding ‘s or ‘ to the nouns in brackets:

  1. This is a woman's (woman)
  2. Mr Ghosh is parents’ (parents)
 
   

  • We found mary’s dog in the park. (Mary)
  1. The cow's milk is good for health. (cow)
  2. Suresh goes to a boy's (boys)
  3. I have forgotten your children’s (children)
  4. There is a women’s college in this town. (women)
  5. My Uncle's house is about a kilometre from here (uncle)
  6. Rahim's feet are hurt. (Rahim)
  7. These are my daughters’ friends? (daughters)
  8. Usha and Asha stayed at their friends’ (friends)
  9. I put the money in the waiter's (waiter)
  10. I am staying in my friends' (friends)
  11. We found the thieves’ tools on the veranda. (thieves)
  12. Those Sheep's faces are dirty.

 

 

  • Chapter-6 Pronouns

 

  • Look at this sentence
    • Sanjay did not come because Sanjay was ill.
    • This is not a good sentence. The noun Sanjay is repeated in the second part of the Sentence. We can improve the sentence by putting he in place of Sanjay, like this:
    • Sanjay did not come because he was ill.

PRONOUNS are words that are used in place of nouns.

 
 

We often use he she it, they, etc in place of nouns. Such words are called PRONOUNS

 

  • Here are further examples:
  • Radha has phoned to say that she is coming this aftemoon.
  • The pronoun she is used in place of the noun Radha.
  • Ramesh grated Robert and Julie when he saw them at the bus stop.
  • The pronoun he is used in place of Ramesh.
  • The pronoun them is used in place of Robert and Julie.
  • The teacher said to Anil, “You are talking Anil. Be quiet and listen to me.”

I/me à the speaker

we/us à the speaker and someone else

you à the person or people spoken to

he/him à a male person

she/her à a female person

it à a thing or an action

they/them à people or things    

 
 
  • The pronoun you stands for Anil. The pronoun me stands for teacher.

 

 

  • Exercise: 1

☆ Say what the pronouns in these sentences mean.

 

  1. Where is Ashok? Has he come? He-Ashok
  2. Are you going to the beach, Paul? You-Paul
  3. Usha is ill. She can't go to school. She-Usha
  4. I don't know Mr Raman. Do you know him. Him-Mr. Raman
  5. Read this book. It is very useful. It-Book
  6. "Will you come with me to the cinema? Ravi said to Gopal.

       Me-Ravi

  1. Where are your parents? I want to talk to them. Them-Parents
  2. Mary never eats grapes. She doesn't like them.

    She-Mary  Them-Grapes

  1. The girls are tired. They must have a rest. They-Girls
  2. This photo is nice. Look at it. It-Photo
  3. Mr Raj Kumar wants the keys. Please give them to him.

      Them-Keys Mr. Rajkumar

  1. Anil :Will you go with Suresh, Gopi?

      Gopi : No. I don't like him.

      You-Gopi  I-Gopi   Him-Suresh

 

  • Exercise: 2

☆ Fill in the blanks with he, she, it, we or they.

  1. Saroja is crying because she has lost her pen.
  2. This knife is of no use; it is blunt.
  3. Look at the pictures. Aren't they lovely?
  4. I met Devid. He was at the magic show.
  5. David and Mohan were together; they are good friends.
  6. The horse fell down, so it broke its leg.
  7. The pins are not found here. Where are they?
  8. We saw Radha. she was with her mother.
  9. Poor Mary! She has a high fever.
  10. Ashok is a kind boy He helps everyone.
  11. Where are Rekha and Rupa? Are they coming?
  12. Mother is thirsty. She wants a glass of water.
  13. Vijay and I are going to Mumbai. We will stay there for a week.
  14. The girl fell down. She began to cry.
  15. Uncle has gone to Japan. He says it is a great country.

 

  • Chepter-7 Adjectives

 

  • Study the following:
    • an old man
    • a thin girl
    • a fat man
    • young woman
    • a tall tree

 

  • There are an old man, a thin girl, a fat man, a young woman and a tall tree

What kind of man? An old man. The word old describes the man. What kind of girl A thin girl. The word thin describes the girl.

So also the weirds fat, young and tall describe the nouns that follow them.

 

  • The words old, thin, fat, young and tall are ADJECTIVES.

An ADJECTIVE is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.
 

 

 

  • We can put an adjective:

 

(a) before a noun

  • An old man is crossing the street
  • She is a clever
  • He has bought a new

 

  1. b) after the verb be am /is/ are/ was / were
  • The man old. (The adjective describes the noun “man”)
  • We are hungry. (The adjective describes the pronoun

                                                  "we")

  • She was angry with me.

 

 

 

  1. c) after verbs ha feet seem look and (=seem) and become

               à He felt happy at the news.

(The adjective describes the pronoun "he)

  • The girl seems sad.

(The adjective describes the  girl")

  • He looks funny in those clothes.
  • They became rich.

 

  • Exercise: 1

☆ Underline the adjectives in the following sentences:

  1. A camel has a long neck.
  2. America is a rich country.
  3. Mr Singh bought a new car.
  4. Akbar was a great king.
  5. The mango is ripe

6 Singapore is a beautiful country.

  1. The school has a large playground.
  2. Do you think the book is useful?
  3. Govind is a dear friend of mine.
  4. Lazy students usually fail.
  5. You look tired.

12 He was sad at the news.

  1. The cake tastes nice.
  2. The tall boy over there is a fine player.
  3. He told us a funny story.
  4. We had a wonderful time at the party.
  5. A blind man was walking along the busy street.
  6. There I a interesting programme on Channel 6 tonight.
  7. She was angry at his rude behaviour.
  8. It is usually difficult to learn a new language.
  • Exercise: 2

☆ Below is a list of adjectives. Pair off the opposites as shown:

Textbook Pg. No- 30,31

  • Chepter-8 Comparison of Adjectives

 

 

 

  • Study the following:

 

  • Radha is 15 metres tall Mary is 120 metres tall

(Mary is taller than Radha)

 

  • The chair costs Rs 250. The stool costs Rs 130

(The stool is cheaper than the chair)

 

  • We us -er (taller cheaper older, etc) to compare two persons animals or things.

 

  • We sometimes use more. We say “more beautiful”, “more interesting”, “more expensive” etc..

 

  • Exercise: 1

 

☆ Choose suitable words from the box to fill in the blanks:

       

      (Longer, smaller, brighter, stronger, more expensive)

 

  1. A mouse is smaller than a cat.
  2. A tiger is stronger than a deer.
  3. October is longer than February.
  4. A scooter is om expensive than a bicycle.
  5. The sun is than the moon.

 

More about Comparison

 

Study the following:

 

  • David is 1.10 metres tall Abdul is 120 metres tall. Mahesh is 130 metres tall.
  • Mahesh is the tallest of the boys. Or Mahesh is the tallest

 

  • We use -est (tallest, oldest, cheapest, etc.) to compare three or more persons, animals or things.

 

  • We sometimes use most. We say “most beautiful”, “most interesting”, “most expensive" etc. We mainly use more for long adjectives.

 

  • This is the most beautiful park in the city

 

  • Exercise: 1

 

☆ Choose the correct form to fill in each blank:

 

  1. Sneha is the cleverest girl in the class. (cleverer/cleverest)
  2. A peacock is more beautiful than a cock. (more beautiful/ most beautiful)
  3. This is the largest building in the town. (larger/largest)
  4. A giraffe is the tallest of all animals. (Taller/tallest)
  5. An elephant is bigger than a lion. (bigger, biggest)
  6. America I the richest country in the world. (Richer/richest)

 

 

  • Chapter-9 A, An, The

 

 

  • The letters a, e, I, o, and u are called VOWELLS. All the other letters are called CONSONANTS.

 

  • We use a before a consonant sound. We use an before a vowel sound.

 

 

  • We say "an hour" (not "a hour"). The h in "hour" is not pronounced word begins with a vowel sound.

 

  • We say "a uniform" (not "an uniform"). The u in this word has a consonant sound.

It is the sound that is important, not the spelling.

Look at these sentences :

  • They have two children : a boy and a girl. The boy is nine years old. The girl is five.

 

  • As in the above sentences, we use a when we talk about a person or thing the first time. We use the when we talk about the same person or thing again.
  • We use a or an when it is not clear which person or thing we mean.
  • A or an is often used to mean "any". We also use a/ an to mean "one".
  • We use the when it is clear which person or thing we mean.

Here are examples :

 

  • A woman is standing there. (We don't know which woman.)
  • Look at the woman standing there, (We know which woman, The words “standing there" tell us which woman.)
  • They went to a (We don't know which park.)
  • Let's go to the (= the park to which we usually go.)

  •  
    Please give me a (= any pen)
  • Please give me the (It is clear which pen is meant.)
  • Wait a minute. (a minute = one minute).
  • Exercise: 1

☆  Fill in the blanks with a or an:

  1. A
  2. A
  3. An
  4. An
  5. A
  6. A
  7. An
  8. An uncle
  9. A bird
  10. A union

 

 

 

  • Exercise: 2

☆ Fill in the blanks with a, an or the.

  1. The sun is shining brightly.
  2. We waited there for an
  3. He went upstairs to meet the
  4. Look at the They are flying up in the sky.
  5. The bicycle over there is mine.
  6. There are seven days in a
  7. I have bought a bag and an I paid Rs 180 for the bag and Rs 90 for the umbrella.

 

  • Chapter-10 Verbs

 

 

  • Study the following :
  1. Birds fly.

The word fly says what birds do.

  1. A dog barks.

The word barks says what the dog does.

  1. The girls danced.

The word danced says what the girls did.

The words fly, barks and danced are called VERBS.

 
 

Verbs tell us what somebody or something does.

 
 

 

  • The verbs fly, barks and danced are made up of one word. A verb may also be made up of two or three words as in the following examples :
    • The baby is crying. (verb : is crying)
    • He is using the computer. (verb : is using )
    • I will be seeing him tomorrow. (verb : will be seeing )

 

 

  • Verbs are often called "doing" words.

But the verb be (= am/is/are/was/were) tells us what somebody or something is, not what they do.

  • I am busy. He is free.
  • The film was very good.

 

 

  • Exercise 1

☆ Underline the verbs in the sentences below.

 

  1. The sun shines during the day.


The ship sailed along the coast.

  1. Gopi broke a cup.
  2. He cut his finger.
  3. I like oranges.
  4. It rained all day.
  5. She spoke to me on the phone.
  6. The boys are quarrelling with each other.
  7. Mr. Sinha lives in the house over there.
  8. The programme is on Channel 5 at 8.30.
  9. Gopi watches too much TV.
  10. The children were playing in the park.
  11. We phoned the office but there was no reply.
  12. I have kept the milk in the fridge.
  13. The girl is crying because she has lost her pen.
  14. Hold my hand while we cross the road.
  15. She fell off the ladder and hurt her leg.
  16. Anita has got a job in television.
  17. Wash your hands before you eat.
  18. The class did the exercises and the teacher corrected them.

 

 

  • Exercise 2

 

☆ Dogs bark. Goats bleat. What do these animals do?

 

  1. Cats- mew
  2. Cows- moo
  3. Frogs- croak
  4. Tigers- roar
  5. Ducks- quack
  6. Doves- coo
  7. Horse- neigh
  8. Bees- buzz
  9. Crows- caw

          10.Donkeys- bray

 

 

  • Exercise 2

 

☆ Say what the children in these pictures are doing.  Use these word to help you.   Textbook  Pg. No. 40, 41

 

 

  • Chapter-11 Present Continuous Tense

 

  • Read these sentences :

 

  • He is playing tennis now.
  • He played tennis yesterday

 

  • The verb form is playing shows the present time (= now)
  • The form played shows the past time the time before now).
  • Verb forms like these are called TENSES. A tense shows the time of an action.

 

  • The present continuous tense is used in the first sentence. The simple past tense is used in the second.

 

  • Look at the pictures in Exercise 3 on the previous pages again.

Textbook Pg. No.41

 

  • What is Ravi doing? He is reading.
  • What is Kapil doing? He is eating.
  • What is Kamala doing? She is dancing.

 

  • The tense used in these sentences is the present continuous.

Look at your sentences under the pictures. You have used the present continuous tense in all the sentences.

 

  • We use the present continuous tense for things happening now.

 

  • Further examples:
    • Listen! The baby is crying.
    • The children are doing their homework (now).
    • What is mother doing? She is making a cake.
    • "Are you learning English?" "Yes, I am.
    • “Are you watching TV?” No. I’m not."
    • I’m not reading. I'm writing
    • "Are they working No, they aren't They playing.

 

 

I

Am working.

You

 

Are working.

We

They

He

 

Is  working.

She

It

 

 

I

Am not working.

You

 

Are not working.

We

They

He

 

Is not working.

She

It
  • The present continuous tense is am/is /are + ing form like playing). In negatives (=not forms) we put not after am/is/ are.

 

‘m(=am)

‘re = are

‘s = is

n't = not

 

 

 

Short forms :

 

  • I am working. àI’m not working
  • We are working. à We aren’t not working.
  • He is working. à He isn’t working.
  • I am not working. à I’m not working.
  • They are not working. à They aren’t working.
  • She is not working. à She isn’t working.

 

  • Short forms are often used in conversation
  • To make questions we change the position of am/is/are like this :

 

  • I’m writing letters à Am I writing correctly?
  • They are watching TV. à Are they watching TV.?
  • Tom is reading. à Is Tom reading?

 

  • Short answers:

Yes, I am.                 Yes, we are.

No, I’m not.             No, we aren’t.

Yes, he is.                 Yes, they are.

No, he isn’t.             No, they aren’t.

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Fill  in the blanks with the present continuous form of the verbs in bracket:

 

  1. They are repairing the road. (repair)
  2. The sun is shining brightly. (shine)
  3. I am waiting for Prabhakar. (wait)
  4. The children are making a lot of noise. (make)
  5. Sunil is bushing the shoes. (brush)
  6. Please talk softly. You are disturbing me. (disturb)
  7. Robert and Gopal are Learning to swim. (learn)
  8. The dog is banking at us. (bark)
  9. It is raining heavily. (rain)
  10. I am trying to improve my handwriting. (try)
  11. You are wearing my shirt. (wear)
  12. The women is sitting sofa. (sit)
  13. Look! The milk is boiling. (boil)
  14. Santos is biting his nails again. (bite)
  15. We are watching cartoons. (watch)

 

  • Exercise 2

 

  • Look at this picture. You can see Me Lal, Mrs Lal, Vinod their son, Rekha (their daughter) and Jim (their dog) in the picture.

 

  • What are they doing? Complete the sentences using these verbs :

Textbook Pg. No. 45

 

  • Exercise 3

☆ Change these sentences into questions. Begin each sentence with is, are or am.

 

  1. She is going out. à Is she going out?
  2. It is raining. à Is it raining?
  3. You are joking. à Are you joking?
  4. I am troubling you. à Am I troubling you?
  5. Ganesh is coming with us. à Is Ganesh coming with you?
  6. We are doing the right thing. à Are we doing the right thing?
  7. The baby is sleeping. à Is the baby sleeping?
  8. You are driving carefully. à Are you driving carefully?
  9. They are waiting for her. à Are they waiting for her?
  10. I am sitting in your seat. Am I sitting in your seat?

 

  • Exercise 4
  1. Rewrite these sentences using the short form ‘m (= am), ‘s (= is) and ‘re(are).
  2. He is singing. à He’s dancing.
  3. She is dancing. à She’s dancing.
  4. I am getting ready. àI’m getting ready.
  5. He is coming. àHe’s coming.
  6. They are having lunch. àThey’re having lunch.
  7. You are speaking too fast. àYou’re speaking too fast.
  8. I am using the ruler. à I’m using the ruler.

 

  1. Rewrite these sentences using the short form of n’t (=not).

 

 
   

  • She is not reading. à She isn’t reading.
  1. They are not playing. They aren’t playing.
  2. It is not raining. à It isn’t raining.
  3. You are not listening. à You aren’t listening.
  4. We are not going out. à We aren’t going out.
  5. The clock is not working. à The clock isn’t working.

 

  1. Now say the sentences you have written in A and B above. Practice pronouncing the short forms correctly.

 

  • Chapter- 12 Simple Present Tense

 

 

  • Study these sentences :
    • The sun rises in the east.
    • The earth moves round the sun.
    • Gopi comes to my house every evening.
    • David often reads till midnight.
    • She has breakfast at 7.30 every day. (has=eats)
    • I like ice cream.

The simple present tense is used in the sentences above.

We use the simple present tense to talk about things which are always true or which happen again and again.
 

 

 

  • We use the base form of the verb (like write, work, go) after I, you, we and they. After he , she, and it, the verb ends in -s or -es (e.g. writes, works, goes).
  • In negatives and questions, we use do/does.

Forms:

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

Work.

He

 

You

She

Works.

We

It

 

They

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

Do not work.

He

 

You

She

Does not work.

We

It

 

They

 

 

       

 

Do

 

I

You

We

They

 

Work?

 

Does

He

She

It

 

Work?

 

 

Note :

Do not à don’t

They do not work. à They don’ t work.

I do not know him. à I don't know him.

 

Does not à doesn’t

He does not work. à He doesn’t work.

She does not work. à She doesn’t work.

 

  • Short answers:

Yes, I do.                        Yes, he does.

No, I don’t.                   No, he doesn’t.

Yes, they do.                Yes, she does.

No, they don’t.            No, she doesn’t.

 

  • Study the verb forms in the following sentence:

 

I don’t drink tea. I drink coffee.

She doesn’t live I Mumbai. She lives in Nagpur.

“Do you play football?” “yes, I do.”

“Do you know her phone number?” “no, I don’t.”

“Does Tom get up early?” “yes he does.”

“Does this bus go to Raipur?” “No, it doesn’t.”

 

  • Exercise 1

 

 

 

      I

Eat

 

Apples

They

 

He

 

Eats

 

She

Grapes

 ☆ We can make eight correct sentences from this table, as shown below.

 

Answers:

 

  1. l eat apples. 2. He eats apples.
  2. 1 eat grapes. 4. He eats grapes.
  3. They eat apples 6. She eats apples.
  4. They eat grapes. 8. She eats grapes.

 

☆ Now look at the following table. You can make twelve correct sentences the table. Say the sentences aloud or write the sentences in your exercise (Follow the above example.)

 

 

 

I

Play

 

Plays

Badminton.

Tennis.

Chess.

The boys

The boy

She

 

Answers:

 

  1. I play badminton.
  2. I play tennis.
  3. I play chess.
  4. The boys play badminton.
  5. The boys play tennis.
  6. The boys play chess.
  7. The boy plays badminton.
  8. The boy plays tennis.
  9. The boy plays chess.
  10. She plays badminton.
  11. She plays tennis.
  12. She plays chess.

 

  • Exercise 2

☆Fill in each gap choosing the correct verb form from the brackets.

 

  1. The sun shines (shine, shines) during the day.
  2. I visit (visit, visits) my uncle at weekends.
  3. My father works (work, works) in a bank.
  4. The shop opens (open, opens) at nine.
  5. We go (go, goes) to the temple every Saturday.
  6. David goes (go, goes) to church every Sunday.
  7. My neighbours read (read, reads) the Koran every day.
  8. The sun sets (set, sets) in the west.
  9. We celebrate (celebrate, celebrates) the Independence Day on 15th August.
  10. Suresh lives (live, lives) next door. He and I go (go, goes) to

          school together. He likes (like, likes) me and I like (like, likes)

          him too.

  • Exercise 3

☆ (A) Add not to these sentences. (You have to use do with not.)

 

  1. I drink milk. à I do not drink milk.
  2. I eat chocolates. à I do not eat chocolates.
  3. They open the shop early. à The do not open the shop early.
  4. We know him. à We do not know him.
  5. You write clearly. à You do not write clearly.
  6. Our neighbours help us. à Our neighbours do not help us.

 

 

☆ (B) Add not to these sentences. (You have to use does with not.)

 

(DO NOT say "He does not drinks milk". Use the base form of the verb, not -s form, after does.)

 

  1. He drinks milk. à He does not drink milk.
  2. She sings well. à She does not ing well.
  3. He plays video games. à He does not play video games.
  4. Usha likes you. à Usha does not like you.
  5. He drives carefully. à He does not drive come fully.
  6. Gopi respects us. à Gopi does not respect us.

 

  • Exercise 4

☆ (A) Add not to the following sentences. (Use do or does, whichever is correct).

 

  1. They play cricket. à They do not play cricket.
  2. He plays tennis. à He does not play tennis.
  3. They sell computers. à The do not sell computers.
  4. We like him. à We do not like him.
  5. This bus goes to Chennai. à This bus does not go to Chennai.
  6. She lives in Nagpur. à She does not live in Nagpur.

 

(B) You have written six sentences above. Rewrite the sentences short form of not. (Use don't/doesn't instead of do not/does not.)

 

  1. They don't play cricket.
  2. He doesn't play tennis.
  3. They don't sell computers.
  4. We don't like him.
  5. This bus doesn’t go to Chennai.
  6. She doesn't live in Nagpur.

 

 

 

  • Chapter-13 Present Continuous Tense and Simple Present Tenses: Revision

         

  • Look The bus is coming. It usually comes at this time.
  • This is Mr Ali. He sells He is not selling bread now He is painting at the moment.
  • He is watering the plants now He waters the plants every day.
  • Anil speaks English at school. He is at home now. He is speaking

 

Remember:

 

  • The present continuous tense is used for things that are happening now, at the time of speaking.

Forms:

 

 

 

 

I

am coming.

He

 

is coming.

We

 

are coming.

She

You

It

They

 

 

 

  • The simple present tense in used for things that are always true or thing that happen again and again.

         Forms:

 

 

 

 

I

 

come.

He

 

comes.

We

She

You

It

They

 

 

 

  • Note that the simple present he/she/it form of have is has. (e.g. He has computer.)

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets:

 

  1. It is six o'clock. Ashok is getting up. He gets up at six o'clock every morning. (get up)

 

  1. It is half past six. He is having a bath. He has a bath at half past six every morning. (have)

 

  1. It is half past seven. Ashok and his sister are eating They eat breakfast around half past seven every day. (Eat)

 

  1. It is nine o'clock. Ashok is dressing. He dresses around nine every morning. (dress)

 

  1. It is a quarter past four in the afternoon. Ashok and his friends are playing They usually play football after school. (play)

 

  1. It is six in the evening. Ashok is doing his homework. He usually does his homework around this time everyday. (do)

 

 

 

  • Chapter-14 Am/Is/Are :

                             Was/Were

 

  • Study these sentences :

 

  • Ravi is at work now.

At 10 o'clock last night he was not at work.

He was in bed.

 

  • I am thirsty (now).

Will you give me a glass of water.

I was tired yesterday evening. I walked five kilometres.

Last year she was 25, so she is 26 now.

We are late (now). We were late yesterday, too.

 

 

 

 

 

I

am

I

was

He

 

is

He

 

was

She

She

It

It

We

 

are

We

 

were

You

You

They

They

 

  • Remember:

 

 

  • We use am, is and are to talk about the present time. They are simple present forms of the verb be.

 

  • We use was and were to talk about the past time. They are the simple past for of the verb be. You will learn more about the simple past tense in the next unit.

 

  • Exercise 1

☆ (A) Put in am, is or are:

 

  1. He is afraid of dogs.
  2. You are late again.
  3. Mr Sen and Mr Shukla are at the bus stop.
  4. I am very busy these days.
  5. My neighbours are very helpful.
  6. Their car is blue.

 

☆ (B) Put in was or were:

 

  1. Leela was ill last week.
  2. They were away at that time.
  3. I was worried about it.
  4. We were at the cinema.
  5. You were angry with the boy.
  6. It was very hot yesterday.

 

  • Exercise 2
  • Now it is two o'clock in the afternoon. The pairs of sentences below tell where the people are (now) and where they were this morning. Fill in the blanks with is, are, was or were.

 

  1. Meera is at home now. She was at the post office at 10 o' clock.
  2. Gopal and Abdul are at school now. They were at the bus stop at 9.00.
  3. Mr Ram Lal is at the bank now. He was in his office at 10 30.
  4. Patil was in the market at 8.30. Now she is at home.
  5. Suresh and I were at the station at 11.00. Now we are at our

friend's house.

  1. Mr and Ms Mehta are on the train now AI 11 30 they waene in the taxi.

 

  • Exercise 3

 

☆ Put in am, is, are, was or were.

 

  1. My sister is ill, so she can't go to school today.
  2. Today is Thursday. So yesterday was Wednesday.
  3. These photos are them? nice. Would you like to look at them?
  4. The weather is cold today. Last Monday it was very hot.
  5. Where are the tickets? I can't find them.
  6. This letter is for you. Here it is.
  7. You were late for class yesterday. Why?
  8. "Where are the puppies?" "I don't know. They were at the gate ten minutes ago.”
  9. Why was he so angry yesterday?
  10. Was the weather good when you were in Ooty?
  11. Suresh was in my class last year. Now he is in my brother’s

            class.

  1. Where are you, Gopi? It is very dark and I am unable

            to see you.

 

 

 

  • Chapter- 15 Simple Present Tense

 

  • Study these sentences :

 

àI Visit my uncle every Sunday.

à I visited my uncle last Sunday.

 

  • The form visited is the simple past tense.

 

  • We use the simple past tense to talk about things which happened at some time in the past (e.g. yesterday, last night, two years ago).
  • In most cases the form of the simple past is -ed.

 

     Walk-walked                 look-looked

     Clean-cleaned               play-played

 

  • These are REGULAR VERBS.
  • Some verbs are IRREGULAR. They include:

 

come-came                    sell-sold

go-went                          buy-bought

see-saw                           bring-brought

sit-sat                              catch-caught

stand-stood                   take-taken

write-wrote                   give-given

do-did                             meet-met

eat-ate                            draw-drew

drink-drank                    put-put

tell-told                           shut-shut

 

àWe played cricket yesterday afternoon.

àI finished the work two hours ago.

àMr Ramesh Mohan worked in a bank from 1986 to 1997.

àI saw the film last Sunday.

àWho wrote "Treasure Island"?

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

 

Worked.

I

 

 

 

Did not work.

You

You

We

We

They

They

He

He

She

She

It

It

 

Note the short form didn’t (=did not).

I didn’t work. They didn’t come.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Did

I

 

 

 

Work?

 

 

Yes, I did.

No, I don’t

You

Did you read the book?

We

 

They

 

 

Yes, she did.

No, she didn’t.

He

Did she phone you?

She

 

It

 

 

 

 

 

  • Exercise 1

☆ The teacher said these things to you yesterday. You did the things. Now what you did write here.

 

  1. Clean the blackboard. à I cleaned the blackboard.
  2. Shut the window. à I shut the window.
  3. Speak in English. à I spoke in English.
  4. Listen carefully. à I listened carefully.
  5. Open your book at page 16. à I opened my book at page16.
  6. Read the first two lines. à I read the first two lines.
  7. Turn to page 17. à I turned to page 17.
  8. Answer the questions. à I answered the question.

 

 

 

  • Exercise 2

 

☆ What happened (yesterday, last Sunday, etc.)? Add sentences.

 

  1. I go for a walk every evening.

I went for a walk yesterday evening.

 

  1. We watch TV every evening.

     We watched TV yesterday evening.

 

  1. My mother always gets up early.

Yesterday morning my mother got up early.

 

  1. We visit the Menon family every Sunday.

     We visited the Memen family last Sunday.

 

  1. Peter phones his uncle every week.

Last week Peter phoned his uncle.

 

  1. Satish buys a new pen every month.

Satish bought a new pen last month.

 

  1. Kamala eats an apple every night.

Last night Kamala ate an apple.

 

  1. Mr Gupta always goes to the office by car.

Yesterday Mr. Gupta went to the office by car.

 

  • Exercise 3

 

☆ (A) Add not to these sentences.

(Do not say : “I did not posted the letter.)

 

  1. I posted the letter. à I did not post the letter.
  2. They waited for me. à They did not wait for me.
  3. She washed the plates. à she did not wash the plates.
  4. I saw him yesterday. à I did not see him yesterday.
  5. They caught the thief. à They did not catch the thief.
  6. We finished the work. à We did not finish the work.
  7. He helped us. à He did not help us.
  8. They sold the house. à They did not sell the house.
  9. I phoned Vijay. à I did not phone Vijay.

 

☆ (B) Rewrite the first four of your sentences above, using n't instead of not.

  1. I didn't post the letter.
  2. They didn't wait for me.
  3. She didn't wash the plates.
  4. I didn't see him yesterday
  5. They didn't catch the thief.

 

  • Exercise 3

 

☆ What did you do yesterday? Say which of these things you did and which you didn't. You may also say any other things you did.

 

  • go to school
  • play football/tennis/cricket
  • do homework
  • watch TV
  • go for a walk
  • have a rest

Answers:

 

  1. I went to school yesterday.
  2. I played cricket. I didn’t play tennis and football.
  3. I did my homework.
  4. I watched the TV.
  5. I went for a walk.
  6. I had a rest.

 

 

 

 

 

STD-3RD A/B

SUBJECT- ENGLISH GRAMMAR

 

Ø Third Unit Test Syllabus:

16. Will

17. Can

18. Must

19. Adverbs

20. Prepositions

 

Ø Fourth Unit Test Syllabus:

21. Conjunctions

22. Interjections

23. Words Likely to be Confused

24. Numbers

25. What to Say 1

 

Ø Second Semester Exam Syllabus:

26. What to say 2

27. Progress Tests

28. Compression

29. Guided Paragraph Writing

30. Guided Letter Writing

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • Chapter-16 Will
  • We use will when we talk about the future.
  • Meena will be four years old next month.
  • I will phone back in an hour.
  • I think the weather will be fine tomorrow.
  • I expect India will win the match.
  • Perhaps we will meet him at the party.

 

  • We often use will with "I think", "I suppose", "l expect", "I'm sure", "perhaps", "probably", etc.

 

Note:

 

[We may use shall with 1 and we to talk about the future (e.g. I shall never forget you.), but today will is more usual. In spoken English, shall is rarely used for the future.]

 

  • The short form of will not is won't.
  • I won't be at home this evening.

 

  • We can use will to ask someone to do something.

 

  • Will you lend me your bike for a few minutes?
  • Will you switch off the TV, please?

 

  • Exercise 1
  • What will happen (tomorrow, next Sunday, etc.)? Complete the sentence in each pair, using Will.

 

  1. He went to his home town last Sunday.

I think he will go to his home town again next Sunday.

 

 

  1. I met him yesterday.

    Perhaps I will meet him again this afternoon.

 

  1. They played cricket yesterday afternoon.

    I expect they will play cricket again this afternoon.

 

  1. I got up early this morning.

    I will get up early tomorrow morning too.

 

  1. We listened to a new CD yesterday morning

    Perhaps we will listen to another CD this evening too.

 

  1. The weather was hot yesterday.

    I suppose the weather will hot today too.

 

  1. They painted the doors yesterday.

    I’m sure they will paint the windows today.

 

  1. Mr Mehta was in Mumbai two days ago.

     I think Mr Mehta will be in Chennai tomorrow.

 

  • Exercise 2

☆ Ask somebody to do these things. Use will.

 

  1. tend you his/her ruler

will you lend me your ruler?

 

  1. give you his/her phone number.

Will you give me your phone number ?

 

  1. give you a lift in his/her car

Will you give me a lift in your car?

  1. tell you the time

Will you tell the time?

 

  1. buy a ticket for you

Will you buy a ticket for me?

 

  1. lend you a DVD

Will you lend me a DVD?

 

  1. turn the tap off

Will you turn the tap off?

 

  1. show you the way to the station

Will you show me the way to the station?

 

  1. play the CD again

     Will you play the CD again?

 

  1. phone you back at 8.00

         Will you phone me back at 9:00.?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • Chapter-17 Can

 

  • We use can to say that someone is able to do something.
  • He can
  • I can run fast.
  • He can speak four languages.

 

Note:

can + not à cannot (Not: can not)

 

  • The short form of cannot is can't.
  • She cannot/ can't carry the suitcase.

 

Can you cook? à Yes, I can.

                           à No, I can’t.

 

Can Uma speak Hindi? à Yes, she can.

                                          à No, she can’t.

 

Can your brother drive? à Yes, he can.

                                             à No, he can’t.

 

  • ‌ We also use can to give or ask permission.
  • You can use my pen.
  • You can go now.
  • "Can I come in, sir?" "Yes, you can."
  • "Can I borrow your ruler?" "Of course you can."
  • (on the phone) Hello. Can I speak to Mr Vinay Joshi?

 

Note:

[We also use may to give or ask permission. But can is more usual in everyday conversation.]

 

 

  • Exercise 1

☆ Look at this table and say what they can and can’t do.

 

 

 

 

Can they_______?

Vijay

Bhaskar

Joseph

Play chess?

Yes

No

Yes

Play cricket?

No

Yes

Yes

Swim?

Yes

No

No

Speak English?

No

Yes

Yes

Climb a tree?

Yes

No

Yes

Ride a bike?

No

Yes

Yes

Stand on their heads?

Yes

No

No

Make tea?

No

Yes

No

 

Answers:

  1. Vijay and Joseph can play chess. Bhaskar can’t.
  2. Bhaskar and Joseph can play cricket. Vijay can’t.
  3. Vijay can swim. Bhaskar and Joseph can’t.
  4. Bhaskar and Joseph can speak English. Vijay can’t.
  5. Vijay and Joseph can climb a tree. Bhaskar can’t.
  6. Bhaskar and Joseph can ride a bike. Vijay can’t.
  7. Vijay can stand on his head. Bhaskar and Joseph can’t.
  8. Bhaskar can make tea Vijay and Joseph can’t.

 

  • Exercise 3

☆ You want your teacher’s permission to do the following. What would you say?

 

  1. to close the window
  2. to sharpen your pencil
  3. to move your chair
  4. to ask him/her a question
  5. to share your neighbour's book
  6. to switch on the light
  7. to go home early today

 

☆ Make sentences using can I...?

 

  1. Can I close the window?
  2. Can I Sharpen your pencils?
  3. Can I move your chair?
  4. Can I ask him/her a question?
  5. Can I Share your neighbour's book?
  6. Can I switch on the light?
  7. Can I go home candy today?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • Chapter-18 Must

 

  • We use must to say that something is necessary.
  • You must obey your parents.
  • I must do my homework this evening.
  • You must look before you cross the road.

 

  • We use must not (or the short form mustn't) to tell people not to do sosomething.
  • You mustn't go out in the rain. (= Don't go out in the rain.)
  • You mustn't be late.

 

  • We also use must not when we want to stop ourselves from doing something.
  • Let's start now. We mustn't miss the first bus.
  • I mustn't go to the club today.

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Read the library rules. Rewrite the sentences, using must/mustn't.

 

  • Library Rules:

 

Bring your library card.

Return books in 2 weeks.

Don't smoke in the library.

Talk quietly in the library

Don't take the newspapers away.

Leave at 8 pm

 

  1. You must bating your library card.
  2. You must return books in 2 weeks.
  3. You must not smoke in the library.
  4. You should talk quietly in the library.
  5. You must not take the news papers away.
  6. You must leave at 8 pm.

 

  • Exercise 2

 

☆ Complete these sentences, using must with the verbs in the box.

           [buy stop see have talk]

 

  1. Tam very thirsty. I must have a drink.
  2. The traffic lights are red. We must stop.
  3. The baby is asleep. You must talk quietly.
  4. This sari would suit you. You must buy it.
  5. You are too fat. You must eat less.
  6. I am ill. I must see the doctor.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • Chapter-19 Adverbs

 

  • Study these sentences :

 

  • The deer runs fast.

The word fast says how the deer runs.

 

  • The children are singing loudly.

The word loudly says how the children are singing.

 

In the first example, the word fast goes with the verb runs and adds something its meaning. In the second, the word loudly adds to the meaning of the verb are singing. The words fast and loudly are called ADVERBS.

 

  • Adverbs are words that go with verbs and add to their meaning

 

  • Some adverbs, like fast and loudly, show how the action is done. Here are further examples:

 

  • He works quietly.
  • The boy sang sweetly.
  • The sun shines brightly.
  • She walks slowly.
  • Mary types carefully.

 

  • The words in underline are adverbs. This type of adverbs answer the question "How?". For example:

 

How does he work ? - He works quietly.

How does she walk? - She walks slowly.

 

  • A few adverbs (like yesterday, tomorrow, today, now) show when the action is done.
  • We returned yesterday.
  • He will come tomorrow.

 

  • Adverbs of this type answer the question "When For example We returned yesterday

 

  • When did you return ?

 

  • A few adverts (like here, there, everywhere, inside, outside) tell where the action is done

 

  • My uncle lives there.
  • Come here.

 

  • These adverts answer the question "Where?”

Many adverbs are formed by adding-ly to an adjective :

 

Adjective                     Adverb

 

Neat à neatly

Wise à wisely

calm à calmly

sweet à sweetly

beautiful à beautifully

careful à carefully

foolish à foolishly

 

 

  • Some adverbs do not form like this: e.g. fast, well, now, today, tomorrow, here, there, again.

 

 

 

 

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.

 

  1. I answered the questions easily.
  2. Mrs Smith drives carefully.
  3. He speaks Urdu well.
  4. She entered the house calmly.
  5. The girl writes neatly.
  6. The play will begin now.
  7. My mother loves me dearly.
  8. Suresh is waiting there for her.
  9. The man shouted loudly.
  10. The boy came early.
  11. I will see him tomorrow.
  12. He is standing outside.
  13. The train stops here.
  14. They fought bravely.
  15. The children are playing well.
  16. Don't sit inside.
  17. Gopal works hard.
  18. He has arrived today.
  19. She will come soon.
  20. He ran fast to catch the bus.

 

  • Exercise 2

 

☆ Fill in the blanks with adverbs.

 

  1. Mr Bose is a wise man.

He acts wisely.

 

  1. The driver was careful.

He drove carefully.

 

  1. His voice was loud.

He spoke loudly.

 

  1. Kaul is a good teacher.

She teaches Well

 

  1. Her writing is clear.

She writes clearly.

 

  1. Her voice was soft.

She spoke Softly.

 

 

  1. He was a brave soldier.

He fought bravely.

 

  1. There was heavy rain last night.

It rained heavily last night.

 

  1. Tom is a fast runner.

He runs fast.

 

  1. He is a foolish boy.

He behaves foolishly.

 

  1. Shiela is a quiet worker.

          She works quietly.

 

 

 

 

 

  • Chapter-20 Prepositions

 

  • PREPOSITIONS are words like in, on, at, with, to, by, under, behind, into.
  • They are used before nouns or pronouns

 

  • The cat is under the table.
  • Gopi has gone to school.
  • I phoned him on Sunday.
  • She came by bus.

 

  • A preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun to show place, time, manner, etc.

 

Prepositions often describe :

 

  1. the position of something (e.g. under the table).
  2. the time when something happens (e.g. on Sunday).
  3. the way in which something is done (e.g. by train).

 

Here are further examples :

 

  • There is a fan over the table.
  • There are a plate, a jug and a glass on the table.
  • There are some biscuits on the plate.
  • There is some water in the jug.
  • The jug is beside the glass.
  • The glass is between the jug and the plate.
  • There is a stool at the table.

 

 

 

 

6 o’clock

 

 

At

9.35

Lunch/lunchtime

Noon

Midnight

That time

 

 

 

 

 

at + a time of the day (clock time, meal time etc.)

 

 

 

 

 

On

Sunday

Monday

15th August

2nd July

New year’s day

 

 

 

The morning

 

In

The afternoon

The evening

 

At

Night

       

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • These are only a few basic uses of some common prepositions. You will learn more about prepositions as you go along.

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Underline the prepositions in the following sentences and study their use:

 

  1. The dog is at the gate.
  2. My grandfather lives in
  3. Mukherji has gone to America.
  4. I got up at30 this morning.
  5. He came to my house on
  6. Look at the photo on the wall.
  7. The cows are in the field.
  8. They went by
  9. Come and sit beside
  10. She is sitting under a tree in the garden.
  11. We saw the film on
  12. The programme is on
  13. He threw a stone at the dog.
  14. We will go after
  15. Divide the bread between Tom and Bill.
  16. The letter is from
  17. Don't go out in the rain.
  18. I must go to the library in the evening.
  19. Have stayed with my aunt for five days.
  20. We will be on holiday from tomorrow
  21. She was kind to
  22. I jumped over the wall into the garden.
  23. I paid ten rupees for
  24. The Lals live in Museum Street.
  25. He lives at 46 Tilak Street. (Note 46 is the house number)
  26. We walked from the hotel to the station.
  27. The dog swam across the river.
  28. We live on the first floor.
  29. Come with us to the zoo.
  30. Please take your feet off the table.

 

  • Exercise 2

 

☆ Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given below.

 

    [In, on, to, at, with, for, from, between, after, over, by]

    

  1. The book is on the table.
  2. She is in the garden.
  3. Can you meet me at30?
  4. My uncle lives in
  5. I saw him in the morning.
  6. We are waiting for
  7. Radha went out in the rain and caught a cold.
  8. The stars shine at
  9. We went to Chennai by train.

10.There are some sandwiches in the plate.

  1. I had a letter from Ashok. He often writes to me.
  2. We are going to the cinema. Will you come with us.
  3. I stayed with my aunt for ten days.
  4. He goes to church I paid seventy rupees font the bag.

 

On vest our head. Sundays The sky is Monday comesafte Sunday. Gopi is sitting beto.cen Radha and Kirti There is an interesting programme On The programme is on Channel 12

 

  • Exercise 2

 

  1. Study sentences 2, 24, 25 and 28 in Exercise 1 again. Then look at Mr S. K. Patil's address on the postcard and complete these sentences:

 

  1. Mr S.K. Patil lives in Patna.
  2. He lives in Park Street.
  3. He lives at 32 Park Street.
  4. He lives on the second floor.

 

  • Postal Stamp

 

Mr S.K. Patil

Second Floor

32 Park Street

Patna 800006

 

  1. What about you? Say where you live. Make true sentences. (Use, I live at in/on_____)

Write also about a friend of yours. Say where he/she lives.

Ans. Do by your own.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • Chapter- 21 Conjunctions

 

 

  • CONJUNCTIONS are words that join words or groups of words.

 

Study the following examples:

 

  • Satish and Ramesh are friends.
  • Have you come by bus or on foot?
  • Let's wait till he comes

 

  • In the first sentence the conjunction and joins two words ("Satish", "Ramesh”). In the second sentence the conjunction or joins two groups of words (“by bus” "on foot"). The third sentence contains the conjunction till. It joins the word groups "Let's wait" and "he comes".

 

  • Further examples:

 

  • He is ill but cheerful.
  • Would you like tea or coffee?
  • He was late for school because he missed his bus.
  • He missed his bus, so he was late for school.
  • She will come if you invite her.
  • I will post the letter when I go out.

 

  • Here is a list of some common conjunctions:

 

and, or, but, yet, therefore, so that because, though, as, before, after, when, while, till, until, if

 

 

 

 

  • Exercise 1

 

Form a pair with your friend. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences and discuss whether each one joins single words or groups of words.

 

  1. They sang and
  2. I went in but I did not see them.
  3. Jack and Jill went up the hill.
  4. Run away, or you will be caught.
  5. Lions are found in Asia and in Africa.
  6. He said that he had finished with it.
  7. He never smokes or
  8. I won't go till you pay the money.
  9. Let me know when you arrive.
  10. She is sad but hopeful.
  11. We can travel by land or by sea.
  12. Gopal failed because he was lazy.
  13. They began to sing and dance.
  14. She arrived after I did.
  15. He He will help you if you ask him.
  16. I will wait till you are ready.

 

  • Exercise 2

 

☆ Choose the correct conjunction to fill in each blank.

 

  1. He does not take tea or coffee. (but, or)
  2. He is ill, so he has not gone to school. (so, because)
  3. Mr. Ali Khan is 55, but he looks younger. (but, and)
  4. Wash your hands before you eat. (before, till)
  5. I got dressed and went to school. (but, and)
  6. She was angry with me because I was late. (because, till)
  7. I phoned him, but there was no reply. (or, but)
  8. Shall we stay at home or go for a walk. (but, or)
  9. She worked hard, yet she failed the exam. (yet, because)
  10. I have a sister and a brother. (and, or)

 

 --------------------------------------

 

 

SECOND SEMESTER

 

SUBJECT- ENGLISH GRAMMAR

 

  • Third Unit Test Syllabus:
  1. Will
  2. Can
  3. Must
  4. Adverbs
  5. Prepositions

 

  • Fourth Unit Test Syllabus:
  1. Conjunctions
  2. Interjections
  3. Words Likely to be Confused
  4. Numbers
  5. What to Say 1

 

  • Second Semester Exam Syllabus:
  1. What to say 2
  2. Progress Tests
  3. Compression
  4. Guided Paragraph Writing
  5. Guided Letter Writing

 

  • Chapter-22 Interjections

 

 

  • Words like wow, hurrah, ouch, bravo, shh, etc. are called INTERJECTIONS.
  • The word wow is used to show surprise and pleasure.
  • Wow! What a lovely garden!

 

  • Hurrah (or hurray) is a shout of joy.
  • Hurrah! India has won.

 

  • Ouch is a cry showing sudden pain.
  • Ouch! You have stepped on my foot!

 

  • The word bravo is used to show pleasure when somebody has done something.
  • Bravo! Well played.

 

  • We use sh (or shh) to tell somebody to be quiet.
  • Shh! The baby will wake up

 

  • Exercise 1

 

  • Fill in the blanks with suitable interjections. Choose from the box below.

[Bravo, hurrah, shh, wow, ouch]

 

  1. Hunch! We have won
  2. Ouch I have burnt my hand on the kettle.
  3. Bravo !Good shot.
  4. Shh !Walk quietly.
  5. wow ! What a tall building!

 

 

  • Chapter-23 Words Likely to be Confused

 

  • Read these sentences :
  • Wait here till I come back.
  • My weight is 48 kg

 

  • The words wait and weight sound the same, but they have different spelllings and different meanings. Be careful about words of this type, which are likely to be confused.

 

Further examples:

  • steal: steel

àHe tried to steal my handbag.

à The table is made of steel.

 

  • blue : blew

à The sky is blue.

àThe winds blew strongly. (Blew is the past tense of blow.)

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Choose the correct word to fill in each gap.

 

  1. I shouted but he could not hear me. (here, hear)
  2. He is a dear friend. (dear, deer)
  3. That is their house. (their, there)
  4. He is weak, so he cannot carry the suitcase. (week, weak)
  5. The teacher told us an amusing tale. (tail, tale)
  6. A monkey has a long tail. (tail, tale)
  7. I saw a herd of cattle there. (herd, heard)
  8. I heard a strange noise at midnight. (herd, heard)
  9. There are seven days in a week. (weak, week)
  10. She is looking through the window. (through, threw)
  • Chapter-24 Numbers

 

  • Numbers like 1 (one), 2 (two), 3 (three) are called cardinal numbers. We use them when we want to say how many things (or people) there are in a group.

 

  • There are nine girls in the class.
  • I have bought a hundred
  • They have paid me five hundred and seventy

 

  • Numbers like 1st (first), 2nd (second), 3rd (third) are called ordinal numbers, We use them when we want to show the order of things (or people).

 

  • We live on the second floor.
  • This is the eighteenth lesson.
  • Today is my eighth birthday.

 

  • Note the following forms:

 

Cardinal

Ordinal

1

One

1st

First

2

Two

2nd

Second

3

Three

3rd

Third

4

Four

4th

Fourth

5

Five

5th

Fifth

6

Six

6th

Sixth

7

Seven

7th

Seventh

8

Eight

8th

Eighth

9

Nine

9th

Ninth

10

Ten

10th

Tenth

11

Eleven

11th

Eleventh

12

Twelve

12th

Twelfth

13

Thirteen

13th

Thirteenth

14

Fourteen

14th

Fourteenth

15

Fifteen

15th

Fifteenth

16

Sixteen

16th

Sixteenth

17

Seventeen

17th

Seventeenth

18

Eighteen

18th

Eighteenth

19

Nineteen

19th

Nineteenth

20

Twenty

20th

Twentieth

21

Twenty-one

21st

Twenty-first

30

Thirty

30th

Thirtieth

40

Fourty

40th

Fourtieth

50

Fifty

50th

Fiftieth

60

Sixty

60th

Sixtieth

70

Seventy

70th

Seventieth

80

Eighty

80th

Eightieth

90

Ninety

90th

Ninetieth

100

A/one hundred

100th

Hundredth

1,000

A/one thousand

1,000th

Thousandth

 

Note also: 106 – a/one hundred and six

                    968 – nine hundred and sixty-eight

 

1,070 – a/one thousand and seventy 

65,342 – sixty-five thousand three hundred and forty-two

 

Dates:

 

Another way of writing the date is : June 5.

We say the year like this :

 

 

  • Examples :

 

"What's the date today?" "It's the twenty-first of     

 December"/"December twenty-first."

"Which date is your birthday?"- "The ninth of October

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Write these numbers as words:

 

  1. 19- Nineteen
  2. 108- One hundred and eight
  3. 265- Two hundred and sixty five
  4. 896- Eight hundred and ninety six
  5. 1,450- One thousand four hundred and fifty
  6. 10,657- Ten thousand six hundred and fifty seven
  7. 9th- Ninenth
  8. 8th- Eighth
  9. 12th- Twelfth
  10. 27th- Twenty seventh
  11. 100th- One hundredth

 

  • Exercise 2

 

  1. Say the following dates:

 

16 November        10th May

25 August               6 March

4th February         31 October

 

 

  1. Say the following dates:

 

15 August 1947

2nd October 1992

November 12, 2004

22 February 2009

 

  • Exercise 3

 

☆ Work in groups. Ask your friends for their date of birth and fill in the table.

 

  • Example

 

A : What's your date of birth?

B : The eleventh of September, two thousand and seven.

 

 

 

Name

Date of birth

Gopal

11 September, 2007

 

 

 

  • Chapter-25 What to say (1)

 

  • Study these example situations in pairs and role-play the conversations.

 

Greeting someone

 

  1. Anil and Abdul are friends.

They meet in the street.

It is the first time they have met.

 

  • Anil : Hello, Abdul!
  • Abdul : Hello!

 

  1. Mary sees her friend, Meena, at the bus stop.

 

  • Merry : Hi, Meena!
  • Meena : Hi!

 

  • NOTE : Friends often say "Hello" when they meet. Close friends say "Hi".

 

  1. Rekha sees her teacher on the way to school. It is morning.

 

  • Rekha : Good morning, Miss.
  • Miss Sen : Good morning

 

  1. Peter sees his uncle in the afternoon.

 

  • Peter : Good afternoon, uncle.
  • Mr Jones : Good afternoon

 

  1. Mr Singh meets Mr Khan at the club. It is 8 p.m.

 

  • Mr Singh : Good evening, Mr Khan.

 

 

  • Mr Khan : Good evening.

 

NOTE: We often use "Good morning/afternoon/evening" to greet elders or people we don't know very well.

 

We say "Good morning upto 12 noon or lunch time.

We say "Good afternoon" from 12 noon or lunch time till about 6pm. We say "Good evening" from 6pm onwards (i.e, till bedtime or midnight).

 

Note : Never say "Good night when meeting people.

 

Asking how someone is and saying how you are

 

  1. Ramesh meets his friend, Rahim. It is about a fortnight since they last met.

 

Ramesh : Hello, Rahim

Rahim : Hello!

Ramesh : How are you?

Rahim : Fine, thank you. And you?

Ramesh : OK, thanks.

 

  1. Pratap meets his brother’s friend, Bhaskar is in poor health.

 

Pratap : Good afternoon!

Bhaskar : Good afternoon.

Pratap : How are you?

Bhaskar : Not too bad, thanks.

 

 

 

Saying goodbye

 

  1. Ravi has spent a few minutes with his friend. Tom, and is about to leave him They won't meet again till next day.

 

Ravi : Bye!

Tom : Bye!

 

  • We may also say:

 

Goodbye!

Bye!

Bye!

See you./ See you later./ See you soon.

See you tomorrow

So long! (used when you don't expect to meet someone

again for a long time)

Good night! (used when parting for the night or before going to bed)

 

Saying sorry

 

  1. Leela is late for a party. She is speaking to the friend who is giving the party.

 

Leela : Sorry I’m late.

Mary : That’s all right.

 

  • Mary can also say

That's OK

 

Here are further examples of saying sorry.

  • Soeey I've broken the glass.
  • Sorry I hurt you.
  • Sorry- for coming late.
  • I'm sorry- for coming late.
  • Sorry- for breaking the glass.
  • I'm sorry- for breaking the glass.
  • Sorry- for hurting you.
  • I'm sorry- for hurting you.

 

 

 

Asking and giving permission

 

  1. Rahim wants to use Anand's ruler.

 

Rahim- Can I use your ruler? (or May I use your ruler?)

Anand- Yes, certainly

 

  • Anand can also say:

 

Of course you can.

Yes, you can.

All right.

Certainly.

 

  • Here are further examples of asking permission:

 

Can I sit here?

Can I go to the toilet?

Can I see your photos?

 

  • May I ........? can be used in place of Can I .........2, but it is less usual in everyday conversation.

 

 

 

 

Thanking someone

 

  1. Mr Lal gives a gift to his niece.

Sanjana : Thank you, Uncle.

Mr Lal : You’re welcome.

 

  • Other ways of thanking someone :

 

Thanks.

Thanks very much.

Thanks a lot.

Thank you very much.

 

  • Other ways of replying:

That's all right.

That's OK.

Not at all.

 

  • Chapter-26 What to say (2)

 

  • Study the following situations and role-play the conversations.
  • Offering to do something for someone

 

  1. An old woman is trying to cross the road. Anne wants to help her

 

Anne : Can I help you? (or May I help you?)

Old woman : Thank you.

 

  1. A man is carrying a bag. Mohan offers to help him.

 

Mohan : Can I carry the bag for you?

Mr. X : No, please don't bother.

 

Other ways of offering help are :

 

Shall I help you?/Would you like me to help you?

Shall I carry the bag for you ?/Would you like me to carry the bag for you?

 

Offering food or drink

 

  1. Saroj offers a cold drink to her friend, Grace.

 

Saroj : Would you like a cold drink?

Grace : Yes, please. Thank you.

 

  1. Sunil offers a chocolate to his friend, Suresh

 

               Sunil : Would you like chocolate

                Suresh: No, thank you.

 

Making a request

 

  1. Ramesh and Mahesh are at lunch

 

Ramesh : Would you pass the salt, please?

Mahesh : Sure

 

Mahesh can also say. "Certainly"

further sentences:

 

Could or Would : you give me a glass of water?

Could or Would : you help me, please?

Could or Would : you close the window, please?

Could or Would : you lend me Rs. 50 till tomorrow?

 

  • We may also say Will/Can you ...?. Would and could are more polite than will and can.

 

Starting a conversation with a stranger

 

  1. Mohan is speaking to a stranger at the bus stop.

 

Mohan : Excuse me, does this bus go to the station?

Stranger : Yes, it does.

 

  1. John is speaking to a shopkeeper, whom he doesn't know.

 

John : Excuse me, can you give me change for a hundred-rupee note?

Shopkeeper : Yes

 

 

  • Excuse me is used when starting to speak to a stranger Here are further examples :

 

Excuse me could you tell me the time?

Excuse me, is there a post office near here?

Excuse me, are you the manager?

Excuse me, can I ask a question?

 

(You will know the other use of Excuse  me at a later stage)

 

Giving someone your good wishes

 

  1. Durga meets her friend, Anne, at the bus stop. It is 23rd December (two days before Christmas)

 

Durga : Happy Christmas

Anne : Thank you

 

2 Lakshmi and Uma meet at a shop. Next day is Diwali.

 

Lakshmi : Happy Diwali

Uma : Same to you./Thanks. Same to you

 

  1. Pradeep and Aziz meet at the post office on 29th December. They likely to meet again on or before New Year's Day.

 

Pradeep : Happy New Year!

Aziz : Same to you./Thanks. Same to you.

 

 

 

  1. It is Shital's birthday. Anand is at the birthday party.

Anand : Happy birthday!

Shital : Thank you

 

  • Anand can also say:

 

               Many happy returns of the day!

Many happy returns!

Have a happy birthday!

 

 

  • Chapter-27 Progress Tests

 

Test - 1

 

  • Look at the sentences below. What parts of speech are the words in underlined ? Tick the correct answer from the brackets at the end of each sentence.

 

  1. Suresh said he was not free. (noun/pronoun)

2 This umbrella is mine. (noun/adjective)

  1. He is a rich man. (adjective/adverb)
  2. I shouted but he didn't hear. (preposition/conjunction)
  3. We were late. (verb/adverb)
  4. They are brothers. (noun/pronoun)
  5. Hurrah! We have a holiday. (interjection/noun)
  6. She drove carefully. (adjective/adverb)
  7. We saw the film on video. (verb/noun)
  8. The bag is heavy. (adjective/adverb)
  9. He will come on Saturday or Sunday. (conjunction/preposition)
  10. Who is the girl behind Gaurav? (preposition/conjunction)
  11. We are going to Delhi tomorrow. (noun/adverb)
  12. Where is the child? (noun/pronoun)
  13. The cat is under the table. (preposition/conjunction)

 

Test -II

 

☆ Choose the correct word from the brackets to fill in each blank.

 

  1. The police caught the thieves. (thiefs/thieves)
  2. There is a children's park near the school. (children's childrens’)
  3. Why were you late for the party last night? (was/were)
  4. They live in Bengaluru. (live/lives)
  5. I saw him at the cinema yesterday. (see/saw)
  6. He knows Hindi. (know /knows)

 

  1. Does he remember me? (remember/remembers)
  2. I didn't phone him. (phone/phoned)
  3. She was angry with me yesterday. (is/was)
  4. He speaks wisely. (wise/wisely)
  5. We live at 72 Park Street. (in/at)
  6. A tiger is stronger than a deer. (strong/stronger)
  7. I have a brother and a sister. (or/and)
  8. I phoned him but there was no reply. (or/but)
  9. Can see speak Urdu? (speak/speaks)
  10. We waited there for an hour. (a/an)
  11. There are seven days in a week. (a/the)
  12. My sister is staying in a women’s hostel. (women’s/womens')
  13. Look at the girl sitting there. (a/the)
  14. The programme is on Channel 5. (in/on)

 

 

  • Chapter-28 Compression

 

  1. Read this story and answer the questions that follow.

 

On Anand's second birthday his uncle gave him a toy car. For some time the boy enjoyed playing with the car. Then one day he said to himself. "The car isn't big enough. I can't ride in it". He thought for a moment and got an idea. He took the car into the garden.

 

A few days passed. His mother said to him, "I haven't seen the car for quite some time. What has happened to it?"

 

Anand said, "I wanted the car to grow big enough for a ride, so I planted it in the garden."

 

  1. How old was Anand at the time of this story?

Ans. Anand was two years old at the time of this story.

 

  1. What did his uncle give him?

Ans. His uncle gave him toy car.

 

  1. Did the boy like the car at the beginning?

Ans. Yes, the bay like the car at the beginning

 

  1. Why did he want the car to be bigger?

Ans. He wanted the car to be bigger enough, because he thought that the car was too small to ride in it.

 

  1. The boy took the car into the garden. What did he do then?

Ans. The boy took the car into the garden then he planted it there.

 

  1. Does this story make you laugh? Why?

Ans. Yes, this story makes us laugh because the boy planted his toy cant in the gouden dis he wanted to grow it bigger.

  1. Read this story and answer the questions that follow.

 

Once there lived some frogs in a large pond. They wanted to have a king. The frogs prayed to the gods. They said. " Please give us a king."

 

The gods gave them a big log. The frogs called it King Log.

 

King Log did not do anything for the frogs. He just lay there in the pond. The frogs felt unhappy.

 

The frogs prayed again to the gods.

 

"This king is dull," they said. "Please give us another king. We want an active king."

 

The gods sent them a stork. King Stork was very active. He ate up all the frogs

 

  1. I. Match the two parts (A and B) to make true sentences. Write the sentences on the lines.

 

      (А)                                  (B)

The frogs                  gave them a log.

The gods                  prayed to the gods.

King Log                   was very active.

King Stork                was very dull.

 

Answer:

 

The frogs prayed to the gods.

The gods gave them a log.

King Log was very dull.

king stork was very active.

 

☆ Answer these questions:

 

  1. Did King Log do anything for the frogs? Did the frogs like him?

Ans. No, king Log did not do anything for the frogs. The Frogs did not like him.

 

  1. What did King Stork do?

Ans. King Stork was very active. He ate up all the frogs.

 

  1. Read this poem:

 

Ten little squirrels

Up in a tree

Said the first little squirrel,

"What do you see?"

Said the second little squirrel,

"A man with a gun!"

Said the third little squirrel,

"Let's run! Let's run!"

Said the fourth little little squirrel,

"Let's hide in the shade."

Said the fifth little squirrel,

"Ho, who's afraid?

But BANG went the gun

And how they did run!

 

☆ Now complete these sentences :

 

  1. There were ten little squirrel in a tree.
  2. The second squirrel saw a man with a gun.
  3. Third little squirrel said, "Let's run!"
  4. Fifth little squirrel was not afraid.
  5. When they heard the sound of the gun, they run.

 

 

  1. Read this story:

 

Once there lived a poor man called Gopal. He used to cut trees and sell wood.

 

One day Gopal was chopping a tree on the river bank. The axe slipped out of this hand and fell into the river.

 

He prayed to the river goddess. "Please show mercy on me. Oh river goddess!" he said. "I am very poor and can't buy another axe. Please give me my axe."

 

The river goddess appeared with a shining axe in her hand. The axe was made of gold.

 

"Is this your axe?" the river goddess asked.

"No," said Gopal. "My axe is not made of gold."

 

Then the river goddess showed him a silver axe and asked, "Is this your axe?"

"No," said Gopal. "Mine is a steel axe."

 

Then the river goddess took out a steel axe from the water and said, "Is this axe yours?"

"Yes, that is mine," said Gopal.

 

The river goddess gave him his axe. She also gave him the other two axes as a reward for his honesty.

 

☆ Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete each of these sentences.

 

  1. Gopal used to sell wood for his living. (axes, wood, trees)
  2. First the river goddess showed Gopal a gold axe. (Gold,silver, steel)
  3. Next the river goddess showed him a Silver axe. (gold, silver,steel)
  4. Gopal's axe was made of steel. (steel, copper, silver)
  5. The river goddess gave Gopal three axe. (three axes, one axe, two axes)

 

  1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

 

Gandhiji led a very simple life. He wore nothing more than a loincloth. He

 

usually travelled third class on trains. In those days the lowest class was the third, while today there is no third class.

 

One day some Americans saw Gandhiji getting down from a third-class compartment at Bombay (now called Mumbai). They were surprised. "It is very strange that the leader of this great country travels third class," they thought.

 

The Americans went up to him and asked, "Why do you travel third-class, Bapuji?"

 

"Because there is no fourth class,"

Gandhiji replied and laughed. The Americans laughed, too.

 

☆ Answer these questions:

 

  1. What did Gandhiji usually wear?

Ans. Gandhiji usually wore loincloth.

 

  1. The Americans saw something strange at Bombay station. What was it?

Ans. The Americans saw that Gandhiji getting down from the third class compartment at Bombay.

  1. Complete these sentences:

 

  1. Gandhiji led a very simple life.
  2. Gandhiji told the Americans that he travelled third class because there was no fourth class.
  3. Bombay is now called Mumbai.

 

Note on Usage

 

  • We travel first class/second class, etc. (Don't say : travel in first class/second class, etc.)

 

 

 

  • Chapter-29 Guided Paragraph Writing

 

Study this paragraph, written by Anand about his school:

 

I am studying at Ideal Public School, It is a big and fine school. There are over a thousand students and about sixty teachers. The teachers pay a lot of attention to their students. There are four science laboratories and a number of computers. Every student is taught how to use a computer We have a large playground, where we play football, hockey, volleyball, tennis, cricket, etc. I like the school very much

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Now write a paragraph about your school. Use the above paragraph as a guide to help you write your paragraph.

 

I am studying in St. Joseph school. It is a big and fine school. There are over 850 students and about 35-40 teachers. The teachers pay a lot of attention to their students. There are a science laboratory and a big computer lab. Every student is taught how to us a computer. We have 3 large play grounds, where we play football hockey, volleyball, tennis cricket, etc! I like the school very much.

 

  • Exercise 2

☆ Can you write a paragraph on your home life? These qu6will guide you.

 

  • Where do you live? What kind of building do you live in? Is there a garden? Who are the other members of your family? What are the main things that you usually do at home?
  • Answer you have to write by your own.
  • Chapter-30 Guided Letter Writing

 

  • Read this letter:

 

12 Tilak Street

Allahabad 211005

30 November 2011

Dear Usha,

 

It is my birthday next Saturday. My parents are giving a party that evening. Please be here by six o'clock.

 

Yours sincerely,

Shobha Rani

 

  • Exercise 1

 

☆ Answer these questions:

 

  1. Who wrote this letter?

Ans. Shobha Rani wrote this letter.

 

  1. Who was it written to?

Ans. It was written to Usha.

 

  1. When was it written?

Ans. It was written on 30 November 2019.

 

  1. What is the writer's address?

Ans. 12 Tilak street, Allahabad 20055.

 

  1. This letter is (Tick the correct choice)

(a) a complaint    (b) an invitation    (c) a command.

 

  • Exercise 2

 

Your birthday is next Monday. Pretend this. Write a letter to a friend inviting him or her to your birthday party.

 

(Study the model letter again. It guides you how to begin and end your letter and how to arrange it.)

 

Porbandar

30, November 2020.

St. Joseph school, Porbandar

 

Respected class teacher,

 

I am suffening from cold and fever. I am unable to come to the school, so I request you to to grant  me two days leave.

 

Your faithfully,

Name : _______