ENGLISH GRAMMAR

English Grammar

IV A/B

FIRST UNIT TEST SYLLABUS

Unit – 1 Alphabetical Order
Unit – 2 Parts of Speech (1)
Unit – 3 Parts of Speech (2)
Unit – 4 Parts of Speech (3)
Unit – 5 Tenses : Introduction

SECOND UNIT TEST SYLLABUS

Unit – 6 Present Continuous Tense
Unit - 7 Present Tense
Unit – 8 Present Continuous and Simple Present Tenses : Revision
Unit – 9 Simple Past Tense
Unit – 10 Have/Has : Had

FIRST SEMESTER EXAM SYLLABUS

Unit – 1 Alphabetical Order
Unit – 2 Parts of Speech (1)
Unit – 3 Parts of Speech (2)
Unit – 4 Parts of Speech (3)
Unit – 5 Tenses : Introduction
Unit – 6 Present Continuous Tense
Unit - 7 Present Tense
Unit – 8 Present Continuous and Simple Present Tenses : Revision
Unit – 9 Simple Past Tense
Unit – 10 Have/Has : Had
Unit – 11 Present Perfect Tense
Unit – 12 Past Continuous Tense
Unit – 13 Can
Unit – 14 May
Unit – 15 Will

Unit – 1 Alphabetical Order

In a dictionary, words are arranged in a certain order so that we can find any word easily. Words beginning with the letter a come first. Words beginning with b appear next. Then follow words beginning with c, and so on. Words beginning with z come last because it is the last letter of the alphabet. Thus in a dictionary, words are arranged in alphabetical order (= in the order of the alphabet"). In a telephone directory and usually in an encyclopedia, too, entries are arranged in alphabetical order.

Look at the list below. They are put in alphabetical order.

com grain rice wheat

The word corn comes before the word grain because c comes before g in the alphabet. Grain comes before rice because g comes before r. Rice comes before wheat because r comes before w. Wheat comes last because w comes after the first letters of the other words. The words in this list are arranged according to the first letter of each word.

Exercise I...

Arrange each of these groups of words in alphabetical order.

Car bus train ship plane

Ans. Bus car plane ship train

Potato tomato carrot beetroot onion

Ans. Beetroot carrot onion potato tomato

Hindus Christians Muslims Sikhs Jaina

Ans Christians Hindus Jains Muslims Sikhs

Teacher doctor nurse pilot engineer

Ans. Doctor engineer nurse pilot teacher

Mary Kamala Vimala Jyoti Sheila

Ans. Jyoti Kamala Mary Sheila Vimala

More about Alphabetical Order

In the above lists the first letter of each word is different. So you have arranged the words in alphabetical order according to the first letters. What should be done when the first letter of each word is the same? Then the words according to the second letters, as shown below.

Remote riddle robot

The word remote comes before the word riddle because e comes before i. Riddle comes before robot because i comes before o.

If the first two letters in each word are the same, we arrange the words according to the third letters. If the first three letters are the same, the words are arranged according to the fourth letters and so on. Study these examples.

fable fade false fame

(The first two letters are the same.)

truck trust truth

(The first three letters are the same.)

bounce boundary bounty

(The first four letters are the same.)

Exercise II...

Put these groups of words in alphabetical order.

Hold hard hump heap

Ans. Hard heap hold hump

Leak lava lump loaf

Ans Lava leak loaf lump

Fame fade fare false

Ans. Fade false fame fare

Bright brisk brief bridge

Ans. Bridge brief bright brish

True rare frank firm loyal

Ans. Firm frank loyal rare true

Exercise III...

Write the names of ten friends in alphabetical order.

Do by your own – page no – 7.

Unit – 2 Parts of Speech (1)

When we speak and write we use words. Words are divided into eight classes according to the work they do in a sentence. They are: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. These classes are called PARTS OF SPEECH.

Nouns

Look at the following sentences:

The teacher is coming.

Where is the dog?

They live in Delhi.

Here is the pen.

The word teacher is the name of a person. The word dog is the name of an animal. Delhi is the name of a place. Pen is the name of a thing. The words teacher, dog, Delhi and pen are naming words. Naming words are called NOUNS.

A NOUN is the name of a person, animal, place or thing.

A noun answers the question "Who is it?" or "What is it?".

Now look at these sentences :

She is a nurse. She is called Kamala.

The word nurse is the name of a person. The word Kamala is also the name of a person. The word nurse is a name common to all nurses, while the word Kamala is the name of a particular nurse. Nurse is a COMMON NOUN, while Kamala is a PROPER NOUN.

Words like girl, mother, brother, uncle and teacher are common nouns.

Words like Shankar, Abdul, David, Mr Singh and Mrs Chopra nouns.

Similarly the names of places can be either common nouns or proper nouns. For example, the word city is a common noun, while the word Mumbai is a proper noun.

Common nouns are the names given in common to all people, places and things of the same kind. Proper nouns are the names of particular people, places or things.

Below are further examples.

Festival is a common noun, while Christmas is a proper noun.

Language is a common noun, while English is a proper noun.

Month is a common noun, while October is a proper noun.

Note that proper nouns begin with a capital letter.

You will learn about plural forms of nouns in Unit 18.

Exercise I

Underline the nouns in the following story:

Aladdin was a poor boy who lived in a village in China. One day he found a wonderful lamp in a cave. It helped him to become the richest man in the country. He married a princess named Badrul and finally became a king.

Which of them are proper nouns? Write them below.

Aladdin

China

Badrul.

Exercise II

Complete the words in the squares with the help of the clues. They are all nouns:

Page no – 10

Clues

A Ship
This animal gives us wool. Sheep
This follows you when you walk in the sun. Shadow
Many people use this for washing their hair. Shampoo
A person who looks after sheep. Shepherd
There is usually a bus Shelter a bus stop.
Short trousers that end above the knees. Shorts
We wear these on our feet. Shoes
A building (or part of a building) where people buy things. Shop

Pronouns

Compare these sentences :

Ramya is crying because Ramya has has lost her gold ring.

Ramya is crying because she lost her gold ring.

In the first sentence we have repeated the noun Ramya. In the second sentence we have used the word she in place of the noun Ramya without repeating it. The second sentence is better.

We often use words like he, she, they, it, etc. in place of nouns. Such words are called PRONOUNS.

A PRONOUN is a word used in place of a noun.

Anand has phoned to say that he can't come. (The pronoun he is used in place of the noun Anand.)

Read this story. It is interesting. (The pronoun it is used in place of the noun story.)

Where is Padma? Usha wants to speak to her. (The pronoun her is used in place of the noun Padma.)

You will learn more about pronouns in Units 19 and 20.

Exercise III...

Say what the pronouns in the following sentences mean.

Example:

Where is Nikhil? Has he come? he = Nikhil

Bhaskar was absent because he was ill. he Bhaskar
This book is very useful. Read it. it= book
The children are tired. They are sleeping. they = Children
This is Sobha. She is my sister. She = Sobha is my sister
Suresh borrowed my umbrella yesterday. He has not returned it yet. he= Suresh it= Umbrella

Exercise IV...

Fill in the blanks with these pronouns.

(He, she, it, they, her, him)

Where is Mary? Is She coming with us?
Look at that picture. Isn't it lovely ?
We invited Gopal to the party, but he didn't come.
Is Kishore in ? I would like to talk to him .
Mrs Ghosh is ill. I must see her this evening.
The girls are tired, so they are having a rest

Unit – 3 Parts of Speech (2)

Adjectives

Read the following sentences :

An old man is standing there.

This umbrella costs Rs. 120.

There are two pens.

The word old says what kind of man is standing there. The word this says which umbrella costs Rs. 120. The word two says how many pens there are. The words old, this and two are adjectives.

We often put an adjective before a noun as in the above examples.

We can also put an adjective after a noun or pronoun, e.g. The mango is ripe. (The adjective ripe says more about the noun mango.)

He is angry. (The adjective angry says more about the pronoun he.)

Exercise I...

Underline the adjectives in the following sentences.

A blind man is walking along the busy street.
That man is wearing a funny cap.
I am tired and hungry.
There are five CDs on the upper shelf.
Little drops of water make the mighty ocean.

Exercise II….

Look at this word ladder. There are five words in the ladder. They are all adjectives. Can you find them ? Write the words on the right.

Page no – 14

Exercise III…

Label the pictures. Use the words given below. No 1 has been done as an example. Page no – 15.

Nnn +

Verbs

A verb is mainly a doing word. It describes an action, as in the following sentences:

He acts on TV. (The verb acts says what he does.)

Anil bowls well. (The verb bowls says what Anil does.)

The bird flew away. (The verb flew says what the bird did.)

A few verbs like be (= am/is/are, etc.), become and seem say what somebody or something is.

Anita is a clever girl.

The dinner was nice.

This shirt seems better.

The verbs have (= have/has/had) says what somebody or something has.

He has a computer.

The verbs in the above examples are made up of one word.

A verb may also be made up of two or more words as in the following

sentences:

Mr. Singh has gone out. (two words)

I will be visiting Mr. James tomorrow. (three words)

Exercise IV...

Underline the verbs in the following passage.

One evening Dr Herma Maitra, a leader of Brahma Samaj, was walking home with a new umbrella in his hand. A friend met him and asked the price of the umbrella. "Rs. 4.75," he replied.

When he arrived home, he remembered that actually he had paid Rs. 4.50 for the umbrella. He finished his dinner hastily and walked to his friend's house, which was five kilometres from his house.

"I am sorry I told a lie," he said to his friend. "That umbrella cost Rs. 4.50, not 4.75."

Adverbs

An adverb usually adds to the meaning of a verb as shown in the following sentences :

He walks quickly.

(The adverb quickly tells us how he walks.)

The girl sang sweetly.

(The adverb sweetly says how the girl sang.)

They arrived yesterday.

(The adverb yesterday says when they arrived.)

My uncle lives there. (The adverb there says where he lives.)

Exercise V…

Underline the adverbs in these sentences

He ran fast to catch the bus.
Three women are standing outside.
I did well in my exam.
Please put the bag here.
He drove slowly as the road was slippery after the rain.
You must do now.

Exercise VI...

Complete the sentences with suitable adverbs. Choose from

Easily, quietly, hard, slowly, hungrily, bravely

He failed the exam because he didn't work hard.
Sheila is good at maths. She can do any sum easily.
He is old and weak, he walks Slowly.
The baby is asleep. Speak quietly.
The soldiers fought bravely and won the battle.
He didn't have breakfast, so he ate his lunch hungrily.

Unit – 4 Parts of Speech (3)

Prepositions

Prepositions are words like at, in, on, from, to, with, under, for, into, behind and beside used before a noun or pronoun.

I got up at 7.30. (“At 7.30" shows time.)

The mobile is on the desk.

("On the desk" shows position.)

Let's go by train.

(“By train" shows method or manner.)

The police arrested him for theft. ("For theft" shows reason.)

The following examples show a few other uses of prepositions.

There is a useful programme on TV tonight.

The programme is on Channel 6.

We saw the film on video.

He travelled from Hyderabad to Mumbai.

The train to Lucknow leaves from platform 4. sa d

She was angry with the boy.

He is suffering from typhoid.

He jumped into the river.

He swam in the river for half an hour.

Look at page 42

Open your book at page 16.

Exercise I...

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

We live in M.G. Street.
They live at 124 Netaji Street.
The children are at school.
Please see me at 5.30 on Saturday.
I met them at my uncle's house.
They live on the third floor.
Listen to the CD carefully.
Open the book at page 55.
The teacher was angry with me.
There is an interesting programme on Channel 12 at 9.30.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are joining words like and, but, or, so, because, though, if, when, while, etc. They join two words or groups of words.

Abdul and Ashok are friends. (The conjunction "and" joins the words "Abdul" and "Ashok".

Are you going by train or by bus? (The conjunction "or" joins the two groups of words "by train" and "by bus".)

I shouted but he didn't hear me. (The conjunction "but" joins the two groups of words "I shouted" and "he didn't hear me".)

Let's wait till he comes. (The conjunction "till" joins the two groups of words "let's wait" and "he comes".)

A CONJUNCTION is a word that joins two words or groups of words.

Exercise II...

Join these pairs of sentences using and

Example

The boy saw the dog. He ran away.

The boy saw the dog and ran away.

I paid for the sweets. I put them in my pocket.

Ans. I paid for the sweets and put them in my pocket.

We stayed at home. We watched TV.

Ans. We stayed home and watched TV.

She knocked on the door. She went in.

Ans. She knocked on the door and went in.

Ramesh ran hard. He was just in time.

Ans. Ramesh ran hard and just in time.

I heard a noise. I turned round.

Ans. I heard a noise and turned round.

She locked the front door. She went to bed.

Ans. She locked the front door and went to bed.

Join these pairs of sentences using but:

Example

I was tired. I couldn't sleep.

I was tired but I couldn't sleep.

I liked the sweater. I didn't buy it.

Ans.I liked the Sweater but I didn't buy it.

We went to Agra. We didn't see the Taj Mahal.

Ans. We went to Agra but we didn't she the Taj Mahal.

He worked hard. He failed the exam.

Ans. He worked hard but he failed the exam.

The cup dropped. It didn't break.

Ans. The cup dropped but it didn’t break.

She has lots of friends. She often feels lonely.

Ans. She has lots of friends but She often feels lonely.

I bought a newspaper. I didn't read it.

Ans. I bought a newspaper but didn't read it.

Note: We should say "fail the exam" (not "fail in the exam").

Join these pairs of sentences using because :

Example

We didn't go out. It was raining.

We didn't out because it was raining.

She phoned the police. She had lost her purse.

Ans. She phoned the police because she had lost her purse.

He was angry with me. I was late.

Ans. was angry with me because I was late.

I couldn’t see the film well. I has forgotten my glasses.

Ans. I couldn’t see the film well because I had forgotten my glasses.

I tried to help her. I was sorry for her.

Ans. I tried to help her because I was sorry for her.

didn't play football. His foot was hurt.

Ans. He didn’t play football because his foot was hurt.

Interjections

Words like bravo, hurrah, wow, ouch, sh and oh are called interjections. Bravo! Well hit. (Bravo is used to show pleasure when somebody has done something well.)

Hurrah! Our side has won. (Hurrah/ hurray is a shout of joy.)

Wow, what a tall building! (Wow is used to show great surprise or admiration.)

Ouch! You are treading on my foot! (Ouch is used to show sudden pain.)

Sh! You will wake the baby. (We use sh/ssh/shh to tell somebody to be quiet)

Oh! I have lost my keys! (Oh is used to show surprise, fear, etc.)

An INTERJECTION is a word used to show a strong sudden feeling.

Exercise III...

Choose the correct words from the box to fill in the blanks.

bravo sh wow ouch hurrah

1.Hurrah! It is time to go home!

Sh ! Keep your voice down.
Bravo ! Good shot.
Wow ! What a pretty child!
Ouch ! You are hurting me!

Unit - 5 Tenses : Introduction

Study the following sentences :

She writes stories.
She is writing a story.
She has written a story.
She wrote a story.
She was writing a story.
She will write another story.

The same verb (write) is used in all these sentences. But you find different forms of the verb in the sentences. The forms in sentences 1, 2 and 3 (writes, is writing, has written) show the present time. The verb forms in sentences 4 and 5 (wrote, was writing) show the past time. The form in sentence 6 (will write) shows the future time. These different forms are called TENSES.

The tenses used in the sentences above are :

Simple present tense (Sentence 1)

Present continuous tense (Sentence 2)

Present perfect tense (Sentence 3)

Simple past tense (Sentence 4)

Past continuous tense (Sentence 5)

Simple future tense (Sentence 6)

We often use the following terms when we talk about the formation of tenses :

(a) base form (e.g. write, play)

(b)-s form (e.g. writes, plays)

(c) -ing form or present participle (e.g. writing, playing)

(d) past tense (e.g. wrote, played)

(e) past participle (e.g. written, played)

You find the base form in sentence 6 above, the -s form in sentence 1, the present.

participle (or -ing form) in sentences 2 and 5, the past tense in sentence 4 and the past participle in sentence 3.

In most English verbs the past tense and the past participle are the same. They are formed by adding -ed to the base, e.g.

work àworked

open àopened

play à played

love à loved

Such verbs are called regular verbs.

Other verbs form the past tense and the past participle in

a different way, e.g.

sing à sang à sung

make à made à made

leave à left à left

They are called irregular verbs. They make their past tense and past participle by a change of vowel (e.g. sing : see above) or by a change of consonant (e.g, make) or by a change of both (e.g. leave). A few verbs like cut, shut, put, cost have only one form.

I will put it on the shelf. (base form)

I put it here yesterday. (past tense)

I have put it here. (past participle)

Some common irregular verbs are given below.

Base Form	Past Tense	Past Participle

Beat	Beat	Beaten
Begin	Began	Begun
Bind	Bound	Bound
Bite	Bit	Bitten
Blow	Blew	Blown
Break	Broke	Broken
Bring	Brought	Brought
Build	Built	Built
Buy	Bought	Bought
Catch	Caught	Caught
Choose	Chose	Chosen
Come	Came	Come
Cut	Cut	Cut
Do	Did	Done
Draw	Drew	Drawn
Drink	Drank	Drunk
Drive	Drove	Driven
Eat	Ate	Eaten
Fall	Fell	Fallen
Fight	Fought	Fought
Find	Found	Found
Fly	Flew	Flown
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten
Get	Got	Got
Give	Gave	Given
Go	Went	Gone
Grow	Grew	Grown
Hit	Hit	Hit
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt
Keep	Kept	Kept
Know	Knew	Known
Leave	Left	Left
Lie	Lay	Lain
Meet	Met	Met
Put	Put	Put
Read	Read	Read
Ring	Rang	Rung
Run	Ran	Run
See	Saw	Seen
Sell	Sold	Sold
Shine	Shone	Shone
Shut	Shut	Shut
Sing	Sang	Sung
Sit	Sat	Sat
Speak	Spoke	Spoken
Stand	Stood	Stood
Steal	Stole	Stolen
Swim	Swam	Swum
Take	Took	Taken
Teach	Taught	Taught
Think	Thought	Thought
Throw	Threw	Thrown
Wear	Wore	Worn
Win	Won	Won
Write	Wrote	Written

Exercise I...

àWith notes

The spelling sometimes changes when we add s, ing or ed to the base forms verbs.

-s form

Verbs ending in ss, sh, ch, x and o add es. Fill in the blanks.

Pass à passes

Wash à washes

Push à pushes

Catch à catches

Teach à teaches

Mix à mixes

Fix à fixes

Go à goes

Verbs ending in a consonant + y change the y into i and add es. Fill in the blanks.

Marry à marries

try à tries

carry à Carries

fly à flies

study àStudies

reply à replies

In all other cases, -s alone is added, e.g.

sit àsits

learn à learns

-ing form

When a verb ends in e, the e is dropped before ing. Fill in the blanks.

come àcoming

write àWriting

give à Giving

danceà Dancing

move à Moving

Shine à Shining

Most verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant double the consonant when adding -ing. Fill in the blanks.

stop stopping

sit Sitting

dig Digging

swim Swimming

run Running

drop Dropping

Verbs ending in ie change the ie to y before ing. Fill in the blanks.

die à dying

lie à lying

tie à tying

-ed form

Verbs ending in e simply add d. (It means, they drop the e when adding -ed.) Fill in the blanks.

hope à hoped

love à Loved

please à Pleased

like à liked

dance àdanced

agree à agreed

Most verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant double the consonant when adding -ed. Fill in the blanks.

drop àdropped

stop à Stopped

beg à Begged

plan à Planned

travelà Travelled

quarrel à quarrelled

Verbs ending in a consonant + y change the y to i before ed. Fill in the blanks.

carry àcarried

try à tried

dry àdried

reply à replied

study àStudied

marry àmarried

Exercise II…

The following are irregular verbs. Put in the missing forms.

Base Form	Past Tense	Past Participle

Ring	Rang	Rung
Know	Knew	Known
Sell	Sold	Sold
Sit	Sat	Sat
Write	Wrote	Written
Put	Put	Put
Go	Went	Gone
Give	Gave	Given
Bring	Brought	Brought
Eat	Ate	Eaten
Throw	Threw	Thrown
Grow	Grew	Grown
Forget	Forget	Forgotten
Catch	Caught	Caught
Wear	Wore	Worn

Unit – 6 Present Continuous Tense

Form:

Note the following short forms:

Amà ‘m

are à ‘re

isà ‘s

are not à aren’t

is not à isn't

I am working. à I'm working.

You are working. à You're working.

He is working. àHe's working.

They are not working. à They aren't working.

She is not working. à She isn't working.

I am not working. à isn't working.

(NOT: I amn't working.)

Use:

We use the present continuous tense to talk about something that is now.

Look! Ashok is playing video games.

He isn’t reading.

Is he playing tennis ?

No. He is playing cricket.

Are you writing a letter ? Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

Is Vimla reading ? Yes, she is.

No, she isn’t

Are they waiting outside ? Yes, they are

No, they aren’t

Exercise I...

Fill in the blanks with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

The boys are watching a video. (watch)
He is making a photocopy. (make)
I am reading an amusing story. (read)
Prakash is mending my bike. (mend)
Sheila is practising the piano. (practise)
My brother and I is taking a course in spoken English. (take)
The boy is Pulling the puppy's tail. (pull)
you are talking too loudly. (talk)

9.He is learning to drive. (learn)

We are recording TV programme. (record)

Exercise II...

Look at the picture. What are the people doing? Complete the sentences using these verbs (No. 1 has been done as an example):

[ Cross read eat talk stand sell ride walk ]

Two women and a man are standing at the bus stop.
The man (at the bus stop) is reading a newspaper. One of the women is talking to somebody on the cellphone.
Two girls are crossing the street.
A man is selling ice creams.
Two boys are eating ice creams.
A woman and a girl are walking the street.
A man is riding a motorbike.

Exercise III…..

For each of these pictures write a question and a short answer beginning with "Yes" or "No". Where the answer is “No, . 11 add a sentence saying what he/she/they are doing. Use the words given in brackets.

Page no – 30 ,31, 32.

Unit – 7 Simple Present Tense

Form:

I do not work. à I don’t work.

He does not work. à He doesn’t work.

Use:

We use the simple present tense to talk about things that happen again and again.

I get up at six every day.

Mohan sometimes plays the guitar.

He usually watches TV in the evenings.

The children often skip.

Words like often, sometimes, usually, daily, every day are often used with this tense.

We also use the simple present to talk about things that are always true.

The earth goes round the sun.

Oil floats on water.

February is the shortest month.

Exercise I...

Write like or likes in the blanks.

Arjun likes
I like
You like
Your son likes
My sons like
Shobha and I like
We like
She likes
The boy likes

10.The boys like cartoons.

Exercise II...

Fill in each blank choosing the correct form from the brackets.

The moon goes round the earth. (go/goes)
Pratap_bats well. (bat/bats)
Porters Carry luggage. (carry/carries)
A porter Carries luggage. (carry/carries)
He takes the dog out every evening. (take/takes)
Mahesh usually wears jeans. (wear/wears)
My father often Watches the news. (watch/watches)
We always tell the truth. (tell/tells)
I sometimes eat in front of the TV. (eat/eats)
The dog barks at strangers. (bark/barks)

Exercise III...

Add not to the following sentences.

Examples:

You know him. à You do not know him.

Or: You don't know him.

She knows him. à She does not know him.

Or: She doesn't know him.

1.They sell TVs. They do not sell Tvs

She dances well. She does not dance well.
You speak clearly. You do not Speak Clearly.
She drinks tea. She does not drink tea.
I remember you. I do not remember you.

Exercise IV...

Change the following sentences into questions. Begin each question with do/does.

Example:

You play cricket. à Do you play cricket ?

He plays cricket. à Does he play cricket ?

She dances well. à Does she dance well?
You know his address. àDo you know his address?
The boy works hard. à Does the boy work hard?
The boys work hard. à Do the boys work hard?
He looks sad. à Do the boys work hard?
The grapes taste sweet. à Do the grapes taste Sweet?
The mango tastes sweet. à Does the mango tastes Sweet?
You respect him. àDo you respect him?
Sudha drives carefully. àDoes Sudha drive carefully?
He teaches well. àDoes he teaches Well ?

Exercise V...

Anil goes to Pratibha Public School. What does he do every day (on weekdays)? He talks about some of the things he does. (He doesn't talk about games, homework, etc. because he doesn't do such things at the same times every day.) Read what he says:

I get up at 6.00 every morning. I have breakfast volat 8.00 and leave home at 8.30. I start school at 9.00 and finish at 3.30. I have supper at 8.00 and go to bed at about 9.30.

(NOTE: In sentences like "I start school at 9.00" and "School starts at 9.00", school means, "the day's work at a school".)

What do you do every day? Compare yourself with Anil. Make true sentences.

Anil gets up at 6.00.

I get up at 5:30

He has breakfast at 8:00.

I have breakfast at about 7:30

He leaves home at 8:30

I leave home at 8:00

He starts school at 9.00 A.M

I Start school at 8:30 AM

5.He leaves school at 3.30 PM

I leave school at 3:30 PM

He has supper at 8:30 PM

I have supper at 8:00 P.M

He goes to bed about 9:30 P.M.

I go to bed at about 9:30 P.M.

Exercise VI...

Work in pairs. Find out about your friend's habits. First answer the questions yourself by putting a tick (V = yes) or cross (x = No). Then ask your friend the questions and complete the following. Take turns.

Do you	Me	My Friend

Drink coffee ?	Yes	No
Go to bed early ?	Yes	Yes
Get up before six ?	Yes	No
Brush your teeth after every meal ?	No	No
Clean your shoes every day ?	Yes	Yes
Quarrel with your brother, sister or friend ?	No	No
Make a noise in the house ?	Yes	No
Often go to the cinema ?	No	Yes
Often watch TV ?	Yes	No

Now write five sentences about your habits.

Examples

I don't drink coffee.

I go to bed early.

I get up before Six.

I don't brush my teeth after every meal.

I clean my Shoes every day.

I do not quarrel with my friends.

I do not make noise in the clans

Write five sentences about your friend's habits.

Examples

He drinks coffee.

He doesn't go to bed early.

He doesn't get up before six.

He leaves his shoes at main hall living / living room.

He does not make noise in the class.

He does not quarrel with his friends.

He always watches TV.

Unit – 8 Present Continuous and Simple Present Tense: Revision

Exercise I...

Complete these sentences, choosing suitable endings from the box below.

The simple present tense is used for

Ans. Things which happen again and again.

The simple present tense is also used for

Ans.Things which are always true.

The present continuous tense is used for

Ans. Things which are happening now.

things which are happening now.

things which are always true.

things which happen again and again.

Exercise II…

Complete the table with the correct forms of the verb play ( No.

1 has been done as an example).

Present Continuous Tense

He is playing

She is playing

I am playing

They are playing

It is playing

You are playing

Simple Present Tense

He plays

She plays

I play

They play

It play

You play

Exercise III…

Positive	Negative	Question

He sings.	He doesn’t sing	Does he sing ?
He is singing.	He isn’t singing	Is he singing ?
She dances.	She doesn’t dance	Does she dance ?
She is cooking.	She isn’t cooking	Is she cooking ?
They are eating.	They aren’t eating	Are they eating ?
He shouts.	He doesn’t shout	Does he shout ?
They sell bread.	They don’t sell bread	Do they sell bread ?
You are reading.	You aren’t reading	Are you reading ?

Exercise IV….

Choose the correct form (present continuous or simple present) to fill in the spaces.

He often eats chapatis for breakfast. (eats/is eating)
Look! The sun is rising. (is rising/rises)
Nikhil is wearing jeans today. (is wearing/wears)
The sun rises in the east. (is rising/rises)
Listen! The phone is ringing. (rings/is ringing)
I go for a walk every evening. (go/am going)
Please speak quietly. I am reading (read/am reading)
He usually reads till midnight. (reads/is reading)
Rain falls from the clouds. (falls/is falling)
"Where are the children?" "They are playing in the garden.” ( play/ are playing)

Unit – 9 Simple Past Tense

Form

As you have noticed before, in most cases the simple past tense is formed by adding -ed to the base form, e.g. walked, played, called.

The simple past tense, except in the case of be, has the same form with all subjects.

I
We
You	Worked. Went.
They
He
She
It

I
We	Did not work. Did not go.
You
They
He
She
It

	I
Did	We	Work ? Go ?
	You
	They
	He
	She
	It

I
He	Was
She
It
We	Were
You
They

I
He	Was not Were not
She
It
We
You
They

	I ?
Was Were	He ?
	She ?
	It ?
	We ?
	You ?
	They ?

did not work à didn’t work

did not go à didn’t go

was not àwasn’t

were not à weren’t

Note: The simple past of have is had.

Use:

The simple past tense is used for things completed at some time in the past. We talk or think about a definite time in the past (e.g. yesterday, at 8 o' clock, last week, in 2003).

We saw the film last night.

He was ill yesterday.

I didn't sleep well (i.e. last night).

We had lunch at 1.30.

Did you visit the Taj Mahal? - Yes I did.

Did Sheila talk to you? - No, she didn't.

Exercise I...

Fill in the blanks with the simple past tense of the verbs in brackets.

I finished the work yesterday afternoon. (finish)
I Woke up at 5.30 this morning. (wake)
They Built the house in 1995. (build)
Mr Mukherjee worked for 24 years at Pragati Public School. (work)
She burnt her fingers on the kettle. (burn)
We visited Qutab Minar last month. (visit)
I bought this camera in Chennai. (buy)
They Came back in an hour. (come)
R.K. Narayan wrote this novel. (write)
I Put the CDs on the upper shelf. (put)

Exercise II...

Add not to the following sentences :

Example

I paid the bill.

I did not pay the bill.

Or: I didn’t pay the bill.

They helped us.

Ans. They didn’t help us.

He returned the book.

Ans. He didn’t return the book.

We went to the party.

Ans. We didn’t go to party.

She answered the phone.

Ans. She didn’t answer the phone.

He drove carefully.

Ans. He didn’tdrivw carefully.

I thought about it.

Ans. I didn’t think about it.

Exercise III...

Change the following sentences into questions beginning with did.

Example

She liked the dress à Did she like the dress ?

They praised Tom. à Did they praise tom?
She came early. à Did She Come early?
He passed the driving test. à Did he pass the driving test?
Gopi found his watch. à Did Gopi find his watch?

5.He sold the car. à Did he sold the car?

They videoed the function. à Did they videoed the function.

Exercise IV...

Mr Joshi always does the same things every day. Read what he does.

He gets up at 6.00 every morning and has a bath. He reads the newspaper. Then he has breakfast. He eats bread for breakfast. He leaves home at 9.00 and goes to the office by bus. He has lunch at 1.00. He leaves at 5.00. When he gets home, he sits in the chair and rests for a few minutes. Then he takes his dog for a walk. He has dinner at 8.00. Then he watches TV again. He goes to bed at 9.30.

What did Mr Joshi do yesterday? (Yesterday was a working day for him.) Two sentences are given below. Continue.

He got up at 6.00 and had a bath. He read the newspaper.

Then he had breakfast. He ate bread for breakfast. He left home at 9:00 and went to the office by bus. He had lunch at 1:00. He left at 5:00. when he got home, he sat in the chair and rested for a few minutes. Then he took his dog for a walk. He had dinner at 8:00. Then he watched TV again. He went to bed at 9:30.

Exercise V...

Mr and Mrs Lal were away last weekend. The children, Ravi and Asha, had a lot of jobs to do. They did some of them, not all. Mrs Lal is checking what the children did. Write her questions and answers. (A tick shows that the job was done.)

Example

Did Ravi clean the fans ? - Yes, he did.

Did Asha wash the clothes? - No, she didn't.

Ravi

clean the fans /

polish the table

buy sugar /

iron the clothes

Asha

water the garden /

cook the meals /

wash the clothes

clean the windows

* Did Asha water the garden ? Yes, she did.

* Did Ravi polish the table ? No, he did not

* Did Asha cook the meals ? Yes, she did.

* Did Ravi buy Sugar ? Yes, he did.

* Did Asha clean the windows? No, She didn't.

* Did Ravi iron the cloth ? No, he didn't.

Unit – 10 Have / Has : Had

The basic meaning of have is "possess" or "own".

Tom has new shoes.

I have two sisters.

The house has a lovely garden.

Rabbits have large ears.

We also use have for illness.

I have a bad cold.

She has flu.

Note the forms:

I
We	Have
You	Have
They

He
She	Has
It	Has

We use do or does in negatives and questions.

Negative Question

They have a car. à They don’t have a car. Do they have a car ? He has a camera. à He doesn't have a camera. Does he have a camera?

Note that forms like "They have not a car", "Have they a car?" "Has he a camera?" are not common in current English.

In British English, have got/has got is often used instead of have/has conversation when the meaning is "possess" or "suffer from".

Tom has got new shoes.

I have got two sisters.

She has got flu.

Do/does is not used with have got/ has got.

Negative. Question

They have got a car.àThey have not got a car. Have they got a car ?

He has got a camera. àHe has not got a car. Has he got a car ?

Short forms

Have got à ‘ve got

Has got à ‘s got

Have not got à haven’t got

Has not got à hasn’t got

I've got a computer.

She's got a passport.

I haven't got any money with me.

He hasn't got a cap.

Have got/ has got cannot be used in place of have/ has when the meaning is different.

We have lunch at 1.30. (L = eat)

He has a bath in the river every morning.

We use had to talk about past time. L is the past tense of have.

We had a holiday yesterday. We have a holiday today, too.

Mr Ashok Mehta has a car and a motorbike. Last year he had only a motorbike.

Learn

Negative. Question

He had a car. à He did not have a car. Did he have a car ?

(DO NOT say “ He had not a car”, “ Had he a car ? “, etc.)

Exercise I...

Complete the following sentences using have or has.

Mr and Mrs Menon have three children: a boy and two girls.
A camel has a hump on its back.
I have a terrible headache.
The computer has a plastic cover.
We usually have chapattis for breakfast.
A spider has eight legs.

Exercise II...

Complete the following sentences using have/has or had.

I had a bad cold, so I didn't go to school yesterday.
They have three houses. They have let two of them.
Last month we had three
A giraffe has a long neck.
We had a swim in the river last Sunday.
I had a bath before I went to bed.

Exercise III...

Change the following into (a) negatives, (b) questions.

1.They have a dog.

(a) They don't have a dog.

(b) Do they have a dog dog ?

He has a mobile.

(a) He dosen't have a mobile.

(b) Don't he have a mobile ?

He has got a mobile.

(a) He has not got a mobile.

(b) Has he got a mobile ?

He had a raincoat.

(a) He did not have a raincoat.

(b) Didn't he have a rain coat ?

They have got a rice mill.

(a) They have not got a rice mill.

(b) Have they got a rice mill?

Unit – 11 Present Perfect Tense

Form

Short forms

Haveà ‘ve Hasà’s have not à haven’t has not à hasn’t

I’ve taken the book. I haven’t taken the book

She’s sung very well. She hasn’t sung well.

Use :

We use the present perfect tense to talk about an action in the past, when we can see the results of the action now. This tense connects the past and the present.

Page no – 48

Read again the sentences relating to the pictures on the right. The present perfect tense is used in these sentences. The things happened in the past, but we can see the results of the actions now. Further examples :

I have finished my homework. (= I am free now.)

The taxi has come. (= It is here now.)

I've cut (or : I have cut) my finger. (= It is bleeding now.)

Anita has not eaten the bread. (= The bread is still on the table.)

Rajiv hasn't passed (or : has not passed) the exam.

"Have you seen the film?" "Yes, I have." / "No, I haven't."

"Has Tom returned the camera?" – "Yes, he has." / "No, he hasn't."

You will learn more about the use of the present perfect at a later stage.

Exercise I...

Fill in the blanks with the present perfect of the verbs in brackets. Use short forms in sentences 4, 5, 8 and 10.

1.I have bought a computer. (buy)

The sun has risen . (rise)
Somebody has broken the window. (break)
We have walked ten kilometres. (walk)
I haven't seen the film. (not, see)
They have driven to the station. (drive)
The postman has come _. (come)
They haven't opened the gate. (not, open)
Usha has brought a camera. (bring)
You haven't done all the sums. (not, do)
He has Sold his motorbike. (sell)
I have forgotten her name. (forget)

Exercise II…

Make questions and short answers as shown in the example.

Example :

I’ve solved the puzzle.

Have you solved the puzzle ?

Yes, I have.

Sentences	Questions	Answers

I’ve sharpened the pencil.	Have you sharpened the pencil ?	Yes, I have
Gopi has come.	Has Gopi come ?	Yes, he has
I’ve phoned Suresh.	Have you phoned Suresh ?	Yes, I have
John has paid the bill.	Has John paid the bill ?	Yes, he has
She has washed the dishes.	Has she washed the dishes ?	Yes, she has
They have gone shopping	Have they gone shopping ?	Yes, they have
We’ve seen the movie.	Have they seen the movie ?	Yes, they have

Unit – 12 Past Continuous Tense

Form

I was not working. à I wasn’t working.

They were not working. weren’t working.

Use

Yesterday Gopal painted a portrait. He began at 8.15 a.m. and finished at 10.45.

What was he doing at 10.00 yesterday?

He was painting the portrait.

“He was painting the portrait” means that he was in the middle of painting the portrait. He had started painting it tut he hadn't finished.

We use this tense to talk about something happening at a time in the past. The action had already begun before this time but hadn't finished.

Further examples :

"What were you doing at 8.30 yesterday morning?" - "I was writing letters.

" At this time last Sunday we were watching the cricket match. At this time yesterday I wasn't reading; I was talking to my friends.

Exercise l...

Mr Chopra returned from the office at 5.30 yesterday afternoon. What was happening at his house when he arrived? Fill in the blanks with the past continuous tense of the verbs in brackets.

Mrs Chopra was talking on the phone. (talk)
The children were watching TV. (watch)
The milk on the stove was boiling. (boil)
The dog was sleeping. (sleep)
Two rats were hiding under the cupboard. (hide)

Exercise II...

Mrs Das did a lot of things yesterday morning. Look at the boxes below and then write sentences saying what she was doing at the times mentioned. The first sentence has been written for you.

7.30-7.50 made tea

8.15-9.00 watered the plants

9.20-9.50 cleaned the windows

10.00-10.30 talked to her friends

10.40-11.10 wrote letters

11.20-12.15 watched TV

At 7.45 she was making tea.

At 8.30 she was watering the plants.

At 9.30 she was cleaning the windows.

At 10.15 she was talking to her friends.

At 10.45 she was writing letters.

At 12.00 she was watching TV.

Exercise III...

Answer these questions. Write true answers.

What were you doing at 7.45 yesterday morning?

Ans. I was praying in the school.

What were you doing at 11 o'clock?

Ans. I was Studying English.

What were you doing at 2.30 yesterday afternoon?

Ans. I was having lunch.

What were you doing at 5.30?

Ans. I was doing my home work.

Exercise IV...

Work in pairs. Take turns to ask and answer at least four questions (like the ones above) using the past continuous. Write some of the questions and answers below.

A: what were you doing at 7:00 yesterday morning?

B: I was taking bath.

A: What were you doing at 7.30 yesterday morning?

B: I was going to school.

A: What were you doing at 8:00 Yesterday evening?

B: T was having my dinner.

A: What were you doing at 9:oo P.M yesterday?

B: I was watching TV

Unit – 13 Can

We use can to say that someone is able to do something or knows how to do something.

Gopi can carry two boxes.

Mary can type fast.

Mr. Ali can drive a car.

He can speak four languages.

I cannot/can't solve this puzzle.

Note: can + not = cannot à can’t

Can you swim?

àYes, I can.

àNo, I can't.

Can Suresh ride a motorbike ?

Yes, he can
No, he can’t

We also use can to talk about permission or ask permission.

You can sit here.

Can I borrow this CD, please? - Of course you can. (On the phone) Hello. Can I speak to Mr Gupta, please?

Exercise I...

Work in pairs. Ask your friend if he or she can do these things. Take turns to ask and answer.

sing

swim

type

ride a bike

ride a horse

drive a car

play football

play cricket

make coffee

Example:

A : Can you sing ?

B : Yes, I can.

A : Can you ride a horse ?

B : No, I can’t.

Exercise II...

Look at the pictures. What are the people saying? Make sentences using "Can L. and the words in the box. (No. 1 has been done as an example.)

sit here

read your newspaper

borrow this book

have the bill

close the window

use the phone for a minute

Can I close the window?
Can I Sit here ?
Can I use the phone for a minute ?
Can I have the bill ?
Can I read your newspaper ?
Can I borrow this book?

Unit – 14 May

We use may to say that something is very possible.

We may go to Shimla in May. (= Perhaps we will go.)

India may win the match.

The train may be late.

Study the difference:

I am going to Delhi next week. (Sure)

I may go to Delhi next week. (Possible)

Mr Ram Lal is arriving tomorrow. (Sure)

He may arrive tomorrow. (Possible)

We also use may to ask for and give permission. (Can is more usual in speech.)

May I come in?

May I ask a question?

You may sit here.

Exercise I...

A person asks questions and his friend answers each question, saying that something is very possible. Complete his answers using may, as shown in the example.

Example:

When are you meeting Mr Ghosh?

I may meet him on Sunday.

When are you seeing your aunt?

I may See her at the weekend.

What will you wear tomorrow?

I may wear the new jeans.

How will you go home?

I may go by bus.

When will your uncle arrive?

He may arrive tomorrow.

What age is your grandfather? Be

He may be sixty-five.

Who is that girl with Ashok?

She may be his sister.

Where is Usha?

She may be in the garden.

What will you do this evening?

I may watch TV.

Exercise II...

Work with a partner. Discuss with him/her what you may do in the summer vacation.

A: What will you do in the summer vacation?

B: I may go to Bengaluru and stay with my uncle for a few days. Then I may go to Chennai and stay a day or two with a friend of mine.

A: I may not go anywhere. I may take a sis week Course in Spoken English.

B : I may not go.

Unit – 15 Will

We use will when we talk about the future.

My father will be forty next Saturday.

He travels a lot. Today he is in Hyderabad.

Tomorrow he will be in Mysore.

I think it will rain tonight.

Perhaps Suresh will come to the party. Slots

I won't be at home this evening.

(will not à won't)

We often use will with I think, I suppose, I expect, perhaps, probably etc.

In the above sentences we have used the simple future tense. The simple future tense. The simple future tense is formed with will/shall + base form. With I and we, either will or shall is used. With other subjects will (not shall) is used. Today the use of shall for the future is not common. You are advised to use will with all subjects.

We cannot always use will (or shall) for the future. There are several different ways of talking about the future (e.g. "It is going to rain", "The train leaves at 8.30"). You will learn about them at a later stage.

We use will when we are offering to do something for someone.

I'll carry the bag for you. (I à I'll)

I'll post the letter.

We can also use will when we want to ask somebody to do something.

Will you post the letter, please?

Will you pass the salt?

Exercise I...

Complete the sentences, using will + one of these verbs:

know see arrive pass be watch

I think she will arrive
I'm sure Mohan will pass the exam.
I'm free today. I think I will watch TV this afternoon.
We will know the result next week.
I will See you next week. Bye for now!
Perhaps the weather will be fine tomorrow.

Exercise II….

B offers to help A. What does he say? Write his sentences, using the ideas in the box. The first has been done as an example.

get a glass of water

lend you some money

answer it

turn it down

Carry it

close the window

A : The phone is ringing.

B: I'll answer it.

A: I'm thirsty.

B: I'll get a glass of water.

A: The TV is too loud.

B : I'll turn it down.

A: I haven't got any money.

B : I'll lend you some money.

A : It's cold in here.

B: I'll close the window.

A: The suitcase is very heavy.

B: I’ll Carry it.

Exercise III...

Ask somebody to:

lend you his book for an hour.
turn the tap off.
talk softly
show you his answers.
lend you his umbrella for a few minutes.
tell you the time.

Now write your sentences here.

Will you lend me your book for an hour?
Will you turn the top off?
will you talk Softly please ?
will you show me your answer ?
Will you lend me your umbrella for few minutes ?
Will you tell me the time Please?

SECOND SEMESTER

Std – 4^th A/B

English Grammar

THIRD UNIT TEST SYLLABUS

Unit – 16 Must
Unit – 17 Should
Unit – 18 Plural Nouns
Unit – 19 I – Me, He – Him, They – Them, etc. ( Personal Pronouns)
Unit – 20 My – Mine, Your – Yours, etc. (Possessives)

FOURTH UNIT TEST SYLLABUS

Unit – 21 Comparison of Adjectives (1)
Unit – 22 Comparison of Adjectives (2)
Unit – 23 Sentences
Unit – 24 Words Likely to be Confused
Unit – 25 Communicating in the Classroom

SECOND SEMESTER EXAM SYLLABUS

Unit – 16 Must
Unit – 17 Should
Unit – 18 Plural Nouns
Unit – 19 I – Me, He – Him, They – Them, etc. ( Personal Pronouns)
Unit – 20 My – Mine, Your – Yours, etc. (Possessives)
Unit – 21 Comparison of Adjectives (1)
Unit – 22 Comparison of Adjectives (2)
Unit – 23 Sentences
Unit – 24 Words Likely to be Confused
Unit – 25 Communicating in the Classroom
Unit – 26 Progress Tests
Unit – 27 Comprehesion
Unit – 28 Paragraph Writing
Unit – 29 Story Writing ( Jumbled Sentences)
Unit – 30 Letter Writing

Unit – 16 Must

We use must to say that something is necessary.

I am late. I must hurry.

You must drive carefully.

We must learn grammar.

I must go to the post office. I need some stamps.

We use must not/mustn't when we want to stop ourselves or someone from doing something.

We mustn't forget to switch off the lights before we leave.

You must not drive very fast.

We must hurry. We mustn't be late.

Exercise I...

Complete these sentences using must with the verbs in the box. The first one is done for you.

He is getting fat. He must eat less.
Peter is ill. He must take medicine.
His umbrella has a small hole in it. He must mend it.
It’s a very good film. You must See it.
We must go to the bank. We haven’t got any money.
You have got low marks. You must work hard.
Gopal hasn’t got a ruler. He must buy one.
This is a very useful book. You must read it. I will lend it.
His hands are very dirty. He must wash them.
The landlady is coming this afternoon. I must Pay the rent.

Exercise II..

Say which of these things you must do and which you mustn’t.

Example:

We mustn’t smoke.

We mustn’t get up late.

Unit – 17 Should

We use should to say that something is the right thing

or a good thing to do.

You should learn grammar.

We should leave now; it's getting late.

Mr Chopra is very fat; he should exercise more.

It's a very useful book. You should buy it.

Should is similar in meaning to must, but it is not as strong as must.

We use should not (or shouldn't) when it is not the right thing or a good thing to do.

You shouldn't shout at people.

Children shouldn't go to bed late.

Exercise...

You are talking to a oy who is much younger than you. Tell him what he should do and what he shouldn't.

Examples

You should write neatly.

You shouldn't watch a lot of TV.

Write eight sentences (four sentences with should and four with shouldn’t).

Ans.

I should go to bed early.
You Shouldn't fight with your sister / brother.
I shouldn't eat too many chocolates.
should go to class on time.
You shouldn't Make a noise in class.
You shouldn't write on the desks.
should do my homework regularly.
children should listen carefully to their teacher.

Unit – 18 Plural Nouns

Most nouns form their plural by adding -s to the singular:

Girl à girls

Pen à pens

Dooràdoors

Treeà trees

Boat à boats

Shoe à shoes

There are some nouns which form their plural differently.

Nouns ending in o, or s, ss, sh, ch and x form their Plural by adding -es:

Heroà heroes

Bus à buses

Add à asses

Bush à bushes

Bench à Benches

For à foxes

A few nouns ending in o form their plural by adding-s:

Photo à photos

Piano à pianos

Nouns ending in a consonant + Y changes the Y into ies:

Lady à ladies

Baby à babies

Fly à flies

Cityà cities

Note;

Toy à toys

Key à keys

These words end in a vowel +Y.

A few nouns which end in f or fe have ves in the plural.

Life à lives

Calf à calves

Wife à wives

Knife à knives

Thief à thieves

Leaf à leaves

Some nouns have irregular plurals. You must learn these:

Foot à feet

Tooth à teeth

Man à men

Woman à women

Mouse à mice

Goose à geese

Ox à oxen

Child à children

Sheep à sheep

Deer à deer

( We say: one sheep, two sheep; one deer, many deer).

Exercise I…

The names of the things below are always plural in English. They cannot be used without -s (or -es). Can you write the names? Choose from the box. (No. 1 has been done for you.)

Page no – 66

Exercise II….

Give the plurals of the following:

Wall – walls

Brush – brushes

Gas – gases

Thief – thieves

Day – days

Lady – ladies

Child – children

Deer – deer

Mouse – mice

Ox – oxen

Box – boxes

Donkey – donkeys

Photo – photos

Mango – Mongos

Life – lives

Fly – flies

Exercise III….

Can you fit the plurals of the following nouns into the puzzle ? Write the words across. ( One word has been done as an example).

Page no – 67

Unit – 19 I - Me, He – Him, They – Them, etc.

( Personal Pronouns)

Read this sentence:

I said, "Do you know him?"

The three pronouns in the sentence stand for three persons : the person speaking W, the person spoken to (you), and the person spoken about (him). They are called PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns are divided into three persons:

the first person, the second person and the third person.

The first person refers to the speaker or speakers (e.g. I, we, me).

The second person refers to the person or people spoken to (e.g. you).

The third person refers to the person or thing (people or things) spoken about (e.g. he, she, him, it, they).

The pronouns I, me, he, she, him, her and it are singular number. The pronouns we, us, they and them are plural number. You is both singular and plural.

The pronoun it used for a thing or animal. We use they/them to talk about people or things. All the other pronouns are used for people. We also use he/ him and she/her to talk about animals, especially pet animals.

Some pronouns are used as subjects and some as objects. The pronouns you and it are used as both subjects and objects. Study the following:

Subject		Objects
I	I saw Gopi but he didn’t see me.	Me
We	We saw Gopi but he didn’t see us.	Us
You	You saw Gopi but Gopi didn’t see you.	You
He	He saw Gopi but Gopi didn’t see him.	Him
She	She saw Gopi but he didn’t see her.	Her
They	They saw Gopi but he didn’t see them.	Them
It	It is cheaper but I don’t like it.	It

Summary:

Singular

	Subject	Object
1^stPerson	I	Me
2^nd person	You	You
	He	Him
3^rd person	She	Her
	It	It

Plural

	Subject	Object
1^st person	We	Us
2^nd person	You	You

3^rd person	They	Them

Note that object forms are used after prepositions (e.g. at, to, for, with, about).

Are there any letters for me?

They are going to the cinema. Would you like to go with them?

Exercise I...

Fill in the blanks with him, her or them.

I don't know that woman. Do you know her ?
I don't know Mr Vijay Singh. Do you know him ?
I don't know those pupils. Do you know them ?
I don't know that man. Do you know him ?
I don't know the people standing at the gate. Do you know them ?
I don't know her parents. Do you know them ?
I don't know the girl in the blue skirt. Do you know her ?

Exercise II...

Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.

What about Suresh? Where is he ?
I am thirsty. Get me a glass of water, please.
I have got the camera; it is here.
I can't find the pins. Where have you put them ?
They invited us to the party but we couldn't attend.
"Where is the newspaper?" "You are sitting on it”
He is talking to you. Please listen to him .
Where are Paul and John? Are they coming with us?
My watch has stopped. Can you tell Me The time, please ?
Saroja doesn't like dogs; She is afraid of

Unit – 20 My – Mine, Your – Yours, etc.

(Possessives)

I've forgotten my umbrella.

Can you lend me

yours for a few minutes?

That isn't your shirt.

It's mine.

Words like my, mine, your and yours are called POSSESSIVES. Possessives are used to say that something belongs to somebody.

Below are six pairs of sentences. Compare the first and second sentences in each :

This is my book. à This book is mine.

That is your bag. à That bag is yours.

These are his CDs. à These CDs are his.

This is her rubber. à This rubber is hers.

This is our house. à This house is ours.

That is their garden. à That garden is theirs.

The forms my, your, etc. are used before nouns. The forms mine, yours, etc. are used without nouns after them.

The word his is used both before nouns and without nouns. The word its is used only before nouns. It has no form to be used without nouns.

Note:

	Used before Nouns	Used without Nouns
I	My	Mine
You	Your	Yours
He	His	His
She	Her	Hers
It	Its
We	Our	Ours
They	Their	Theirs

Exercise I...

Underline the correct form:

This is (my, mine) bag, not (your, yours).
She comes to (my, mine) house, and I go to (her, hers).
(Our, ours) favourite game is tennis, and (their, theirs) cricket.
(Their, theirs) house is bigger than (our, ours).
He has lost his pen; I have lent him (my, mine).
I believe this pen is (her, hers); it isn't (my, mine). 7. (Their theirs) house and (our, ours) are both on the same block.
Is this (your, yours) purse or (her, hers)?
This is not (my, mine) notebook. It is (your, yours).
I know (her, hers) address but she doesn't know. ( My, mine).

Exercise II...

Complete these sentences in the way shown in 1:

I gave her my phone number and she gave me hers.
I gave him my phone number and he gave me his.
He gave her his phone number and she gave him her.
They gave us their phone number and we gave them us.
She gave him her phone number and he gave her his.
He gave me his phone number and I gave him mine.
We gave them our phone number and they gave us their.
You gave him your phone number and he gave you his.
She gave you her phone number and you gave her yours.
They gave me their phone number and I gave them mine.

Unit – 21 Comparison of Adjectives (1)

Study the following:

Seema is 1.10 metres tall.

Richa is 1.10 metres tall.

= Seema is as tall as Richa.

(Or: Richa is as tall as Seema.)

Anand is 1.05 metres tall.

Geeta is 1.20 metres tall.

= Geeta is taller than Anand.

As in the first example above, we use the as .. as form to compare two things or people that are equal in some way. As in the second example, we use the -er than form to compare two things or people that are different in some way.

The form taller is called the COMPARATIVE.

Study the following:

Mr Joshi is 40. Mrs Patel is also 40.

Mr Joshi is as old as Mrs Patel.

Mr Ghosh is 45. Mr Khan is 50.

Mr Khan is older than Mr Ghosh.

The cupboard costs Rs. 2500. The table costs Rs. 1800,

The cupboard is more expensive than the table.

We say ……….. than me/than him/than her, etc.

Gopi is taller than me.

Learn:

Tall à taller

Short à shorter

Old à older

Young à younger

Big à bigger

Clever à cleverer

Heavy à heavier

Fat à fatter

Good à better

Beautiful à more beautiful

Expensive à more expensive

Interesting à more interesting

Exercise I...

Look at the following table and complete the sentences below, using the brackets. (Take care to use the correct form, as ... as or -er than..)

	Bhaskar	Rahim	Peter	Anand
Age	16	18	16	14
Weight (kgs)	50	53	48	50
Height (cms)	160	160	156	154

Bhaskar is as old as than Peter. (old)
Peter is older than Anand. (old)
Rahim is heavier than Peter. (heavy)
Rahim is taller than Anand. (old)
Anand is as heavy as Bhaskar. ( heavy)
Rahim is as tall as Bhaskar. (tall)

Exercise II...

Make sentences using -er than (or more than), as shown in the example.

Page no – 76

Exercise III...

Rewrite the sentences above (from Exercise 2), using not as ... as.

Example

A giraffe is taller than an elephant.

An elephant is not as tall as a giraffe.

A lion is not as big as an elephant.

A deer is not as strong as a tiger.

A Moterbike is not as expensive as a car.

A cock is not as beautiful as a peacock.

A dog is not as heavy as a horse.

A cat is not as small as a rat.

A moped is not as cheap as a bicycle.

Unit – 22 Comparison of Adjectives (2)

Look at the four letters in the box.

A is bigger than C.

A is not as big as B.

B is bigger than all the other letters.

B is the biggest letter.

We may say the same thing in two other slightly different ways:

B is the biggest of all the letters.

B is the biggest in the group.

The form biggest is the SUPERLATIVE. We use the superlative to compare three or more things or people.

Superlatives are often used with the….in or the….. of.

They may also be used with just the.

Vimala is the cleverest of the girls.

This is the most expensive hotel in the city.

"Which sari shall I buy?" - "This is the best."

A great many adjective ( short words) take -er in the comparative and -est in the superlative.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Strong	Stronger	Strongest
Bright	Brighter	Brightest
Quick	Quicker	Quickest

For adjectives ending in e we add only r and st. (= The final -e is dropped when -er/-est is added).

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Large	Larger	Largest
Wise	Wiser	Wisest
Brave	Braver	Bravest

For adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant we double the consonant before -er and -est.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Fat	Fatter	Fattest
Hot	Hotter	Hottest
Sad	Sadder	Saddest

For adjectives ending in a consonant + Y, the Y changes to I before -er and -est.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Happy	Happier	Happiest
Funny	Funnier	Funniest
Pretty	Prettier	Prettiest

Some adjectives like useful, careful, famous etc. And longer adjectives take more in the comparative and most in the superlative.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Careful	More careful	Most careful
Interesting	More interesting	Most interesting
Intelligent	More intelligent	Most intelligent
Dangerous	More dangerous	Most dangerous
Important	More important	Most important

There are a few irregular comparative and superlatives.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Good	Better	Best
Bad	Worse	Worst
Much	More	Most
Little	Less	Least

Exercise I…

Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Long	Longer	Longest
Wide	Wider	Widest
Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
Fat	Fatter	Fattest
Beautiful	More beautiful	Most beautiful
Easy	Easier	Easiest
Useful	More useful	Most useful
Much	More	Most
Good	Better	Best
Difficult	More difficult	Most difficult
Bad	Worse	Worst
Famous	More famous	Most famous

Exercise II...

Complete these questions about your class. No. 1 is an example.

Who is the tallest? (tall)
Who is the shortest? (short)
Who is the most intelligent? (intelligent)
Who is the oldest? (old)
Who is the youngest ? (young)
Who is the best at English? (good)
Who is the best at maths? (good)

Exercise III...

Guess the answers to the above questions (from exercise 2). Write the name of the person you think is the tallest, shortest etc. Then check your answers by finding out who really is the tallest, shortest, etc.

Ajit is the tallest.
Nikhil is the shortest.
Ajit is the most intelligent.
Nikhil is the oldest.
Ajit is the youngest.
Nikhil is the best in English.
Ajit is the best in Maths.

Unit – 23 Sentences

Look at this group of words:

bus goes by he the office to

What does it mean? It does not make sense. We must put the words in the right order, like this:

He goes to the office by bus.

Now it makes sense. It is a sentence.

A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense.

In a sentence words are arranged in such a way that they make sense. begins with a capital letter and usually ends with a full stop.

Exercise ...

Put the words in the correct order and write the sentences. (Put a capital letter at the beginning of the sentence and put a full stop at the end. None of the sentences are questions.)

To school go I late never

Ans. I never go to school late.

Obey should your parents you

Ans. You should obey your parents.

May go we May in to Shimla

Ans. We may go to Shimla in May.

Wait let’s till comes he

Ans. Let’s wait till he comes.

fell off the glass and broke the table

Ans. The table fell off and broke the glasss

the letter forgot I to post

Ans. I forgot to post the letter.

at home stayed we the video and watched

Ans. We stayed at home and watched the video.

than a deer a tiger stronger is

Ans. A tiger is stronger than a deer.

the girls of is the tallest Radha

Ans. Radha is the tallest of the girls.

10.come out has on video the film

Ans.The film has come out on video.

11.to Chennai a year goes he four times

Ans. He goes to Chennai four times a year.

learn you the computer must to use

Ans. You should learn to use the computer.

13.ninety rupees the bag bought she for

Ans. She bought the bag for ninety rupees.

14.the Taj Mahal we ago visited six years

Ans. We visited the Taj Mahal six years age.

on Channel 5 a good programme tonight is there

Ans. There is s a good programme on channel 5 tonight.

Unit – 24 Words Likely to be Confused

Read these sentences :

He has curly hair.

A hare has long ears. (A hare is an animal.)

The words hair and hare sound alike, but they have different spellings and

different meanings. Words of this kind are likely to be confused. Be careful to use the right words.

Here are further examples :

tale : tail

Mummy has told us an interesting tale. A monkey has a long tail. Seven (arn)

through : threw

She is looking through the window. The naughty boy threw a stone at the dog.

Exercise II..

Choose the correct word to fill in each space.

Can you hear what he says ? ( Here,hear)
Cold winds blew last night. ( Blew, blue)
You are allowed to go. ( Aloud, allowed)
The tiger killed a deer. ( Dear, deer)
The weather is very hot today. ( Whether, weather)
My weight is 52 kg. ( Weight, wait)
I have read the whole book. ( Whole, hole)
Would you like another piece of cake ? ( Peace, piece)
Who is the principal of your school ? ( Principle, principal)
This shirt is loose, so I don’t like it. ( Loose, lose)

Exercise II….

The sentences below are not correct because one word in each of them has been spelt wrongly. (One word has been used for another which has the same pronunciation but different spelling.) Circle that word and write the correct spelling in the space provided.

Example

Wait hear till I come back. à Here

Where did you by this bag ? à Buy
He has bought a knew car. à New
She has long hare. à Hair
If the vase falls down, it will brake. à Break
I often loose my keys. à Lose
I have a pain in my write leg. à Right
India wants to be at piece with other countries. à Peace
I herd about it yesterday. à Heard
He through a stone at the window. à Threw
There is a whole in the sock; I must mend it. à Hole

Unit – 25 Communication in the Classroom

Asking about words:

What does this word mean?

How do you pronounce it ?

How do you spell "queue" ?

How do you use this word in a sentence ?

Would you say that again, please ?

Asking about activities :

Will you repeat that, please ? (Or: Would/ Could you. .?)

Would you repeat the instructions, please ? (Or: Will/ Could you ... ?)

Would you mind speaking more slowly ? (Or: Could you please speak ........? Can/May I borrow a pencil, please?

Could I use your ruler, please ? (Or: Can/May I ............. ?)

Could you lend your rubber, please? (Or: Can/Will/Would you …?)

Your teacher may ask you to do these things.

Can /Will you clean the blackboard, Anil?

Write these words down.

Open your books at page 31.

Turn to page 15.

Close your books.

Repeat the sentence after me.

Listen to the CD.

Suresh, will you swap places with Peter? (sweep places = exchange places)

Work in pairs./ Work in groups of five.

Hand in your homework.

Unit – 26 Progress Tests

Test – I

Read the sentences below and name the parts of speech of the words in bold. (Say whether the word in bold is a noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction or interjection.)

1.Sanjay said he was busy.

Sanjay – Noun, he – pronoun, busy – adjective.

You have dialled the wrong number.

You- pronoun, Wrong – adjective.

I called him but he didn't come. conjunction.

called – verb, but – conjunction.

Oh! I have lost my purse.

Oh! – interjection, purse – noun.

They were not at home.

Were – verb, at – preposition.

The old man walked fast to catch the bus.

old- adverb, fast – adverb.

I put the keys here.

Put - verb here - adverb.

Shall we wait till he comes?

We - preposition, till - conjunction.

There are three lions in the zoo.

Three – adjective, in- preposition, Zoo – noun.

We saw the movie on video yesterday.

sow – verb, on - preposition, yesterday – adverb.

Test - 2

Choose the correct word from the brackets to fill in each blank.

There are two knives on the table. ( Knife, knives)
This bag is hers (her /hers)
The sun is shining brightly . (bright/brightly)
They sell computers. ( Sell/sells)
He doesn’t repair TVs. (don't repair/doesn't repair)
I had a heavy meal last night. (have/had)
Does he eat sweets ? ( Eat/eats)
Did you meet Mr. Khan yesterday ? ( Meet/met)
Monica is the tallest girl in the class. (Tallest/taller)
There is a useful programme on TV this evening. ( In/on)

11.There are three mice under the cupboard. (mice/mouses)

Please switch off the TV; I am reading .(read/am reading)
She was making coffee at that time. (is/was)
He was angry on us. ( With/on)
We didn't go because it was raining. (so/because)
Does he talk in his sleep ? (Do/Does)

17.Did you pay the electricity bill yesterday ? (pay/paid) 18. Look ! The bus is coming . (comes/is coming)

Vinay has taken the dictionary. (took/taken)
I will visit my aunt in the weekend. ( At/in)

Test – 3

There are mistakes in the following sentences. Write out the sentences correctly.

The childrens are playing in the park.

The children are playing in the park.

There are two sheeps at their house.

There are two sheep at their house.

He is wearing a pyjama.

He is wearing a pyjamas.

They always helps us.

They always help us.

This is theirs suitcase.

This is their suitcase.

I saw him in the bus stop.

I saw him at the bus stop.

The programme is in Channel 5.

The programme is on Channel 5.

Open your book on page 21.

Open your book at page 21.

They live in 82 Netaji Street.

They live at 82 Netaji street.

A car is expensive than a motorbike.

A car is more expensive than a motorbike.

I am watching the news at that time.

I was watching the news at that time.

You have came late.

You come late.

Mohan don't know your phone number.

Mohan doesn't know your phone number.

I didn't saw the film.

I didn't see the film.

We have a nice dinner at their house yesterday.

We had a nice dinner at their house yesterday.

Unit – 27 Comprehesion

Comprehension exercises are intended to test and improve your ability to understand the language. Below are five pieces. Read them carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Squirrels are funny animals with bushy tails. They usually eat fruit, nuts and seeds.

Most squirrels live in trees. There are several kinds of tree-squirrels. The red squirrel lives in Europe and Asia. The North American grey squirrel has spread to other countries Flying squirrels can glide from the tops of trees using the folds of skin between the legs as "wings".

Some kinds of squirrels, like chipmunks, live in the ground. Like rats, they live in holes. They have shorter tails and never climb trees.

Complete these sentences.
1. .Squirrels have bushy
2. Red squirrels live in Asia and
3. Grey squirrels live in North America and also in other countries.
4. Squirrels eat fruits,nuts and seeds.
5. Answer these questions.
6. How can flying squirrels glide from the tops of trees?

Flying squirrel can glide from the tops of trees using the folds of skin between the legs as “wings”.

Do chipmunks live in trees or in the ground?

They live in the ground.

3 Which have shorter tails tree squirrels or ground squirrels?

Ground squirrels have shorter tails.

Long ago there lived a holy man called Abou Ben Adhem. He loved everyone.

He helped people who were in trouble.

One night Abou Ben Adhem woke up suddenly. He saw an angel writing in a gold book.

"May I know what you are writing?" he asked the angel boldly.

The angel looked up and said, "I am writing the names of those who love God."

"Is my name among them?" asked Abou.

"No," replied the angel.

"Please write me down, then," said Abou, "as one who loves his fellow men."

The angel did as he wished, and then vanished.

The next night the angel came again. He showed Abou the names of those whom God loved. Abou Ben Adhem's name was the first on the list.

When the angel entered the room, Abou Ben was

(a) reading

(b) sleeping

(c) awake.

2.At that time the angel was

a) writing in a book.

(b) smiling at Abou Ben Adhem.

(c) praying to God.

When Abou Ben Adhem saw the angel

(a) he was afraid to speak to him.

(b) he did not like to speak to him.

(C)he was bold enough to speak to him.

4.The angel was writing down

a) the names of those who loved God.

(b) the names of those whom God loved most.

(c) the names of those who loved their fellow men.

5.Abou Ben Adhem's name was the first on the list of those whom God loved because

(a) he worshipped God.

(b) he loved his fellow men.

(c) the angel put in a good word for him.

Rajiv was walking down the street. He suddenly stopped at a barber's shop. He had seen a notice at the shop saying, "HARE CREAM SOLD HERE."

He went in and said to the barber, "There is a spelling mistake in the notice. Hasn't anybody told you before?"

"Yes," replied the barber, "lots of people have pointed out the mistake, but they have nearly bought something." Rajiv came out of the shop fifty rupees poorer : he had bought a bottle of hair cream.

1.Why did Rajiv stop at the barber's shop?

He Stopped at the barber’s shop because he had found a mistake in the notice at the shop.

What was the mistake in the notice at the barber's shop? What would be the correct spelling?

The word "hare” was a wrong Spelling The connect spelling would be "hair".

3.The barber did not correct the mistake in the notice though lots of people had pointed it out. Why do you think he did not correct it?

Those who pointed out the mistake in the notice nearly bought something. The mistake had done him

How much did Rajiv pay for the cream?

Rajiv Paid Rs. 50 for the cream.

5.Do you think the barber was

(a) stupid? (৮) wise? (c) funny?

Why do you think so?

He was wise. His decision not to correct the mistake in the notice shows his wisdom.

One morning an old shepherd was playing on a flute while he was watching his sheep on the fields outside Rome. He played very sweetly. A lovely fairy came and listened to him.

"Will you marry me and play to me in my home under the earth?" the fairy said.

"Yes, yes, lovely lady!" said the shepherd. She put a ring on his finger. He at once became a handsome youth dressed in bright clothes. "But I must first go to Rome and take leave of my friends," he said.

The fairy gave him a golden coach and twelve white horses. When he rode to Rome, he met the young Queen of Italy. The Queen invited him to her palace.

The shepherd wished to marry the Queen and become King of Italy. When he and the Queen were alone together he took her hand, saying, "Marry me, dearest, and I will help you to rule Italy."

But as soon as he spoke he turned into an old, ugly shepherd.

“What is this horrible beggar doing here?" cried the Queen. "Drive him palace the palace."

This was done. The poor shepherd went back to the fields to find the fairy. But she never came to him again. So he remained a shepherd.

The fairy wanted to marry the shepherd because

(a) he was very handsome.

(b) he could play sweetly on his flute.

(c) he had saved her life.

2.As soon as the fairy put a ring on his finger, the shepherd

(a) disappeared.

(b) married her.

(c) turned into a handsome youth.

The shepherd went to Rome in a

(a) taxi.

(b) cart.

(C) coach.

When the shepherd reached Rome,

(a) he bade farewell to his friends there.

(b) he sought his parents' permission to marry the fairy.

(c) he planned to marry the Queen of Italy.

The Queen ordered that the shepherd should be driven out of the palace because

(a) he turned old and ugly.

(b) he refused to marry her.

(c) he told her that he had fallen in love with a fairy.

The mice are in their holes,

And here they hide by day;

But when tis still at night

They all come out to play.

They climb upon the shelves,

And taste of all they please;

They drink the milk and cream

And eat the bread and cheese.

But if they hear the cat,

At once they stop their fun;

In fright they seek their holes

As fast as they can run.

1.What do the mice do during the day ?

They hide in their holes during the day.

2.What do the mice do at night ? Write at least three sentences.

They come out of their holes and play. They climb on the shelves and taste whatever they like, they drink the milk and cream. They eat the bread and cheese.

Complete this sentence:

When the mice hear the cat, they are frightened and rush to seek their holes.

4.Find the words in the poem which mean:

(A) calm still (stanza 1)

(B) fear fright (stanza 2)

Unit – 28 Paragraph Writing

A paragraph is made up of a group of sentences which are related to one idea or topic. An essay, a letter, a story or a chapter is divided into paragraphs. This would make reading easier.

At this stage it would be useful to prastise writing single paragraphs on simple topics. Study the following paragraphs :

Children's Day

Children's Day is celebrated on 14th November. That is the birthday of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Pandit Nehru had a great love for children. Children call him Chacha Nehru. Children's Day is celebrated in every school. Several programmes relating to Pandit Nehru and children are arranged. During the last Children's Day celebrations in our school, we enacted a play on Chacha Nehru. I had the opportunity of playing the role of Chacha Nehru. The principal as well as my teachers and friends liked my performance in the play.

The Giraffe

The giraffe is the tallest animal on earth. Its long legs and long neck enable it to reach very high trees to feed. Its tongue is long and slender and can be extended to draw leaves and branches towards its mouth. The long bones in its neck make it hard for the giraffe to bend its neck. When it puts its head down to drink, it has to spread its legs wide so that its mouth can reach the water. The giraffe looks thin, but it weighs as much as five lions. It is a mild animal and does not like fighting. If it has to fight, it can kick with its strong hooves.

The Summer
Our National Animal
Independence Day
Any Animal ( Horse)

Unit – 29 Story Writing

(Jumbled Sentences)

Here are four stories. The sentences in each of them are jumbled up. Rewrite the stories putting the sentences (or groups of sentences) in the correct order.

When the crow opened his mouth to caw, the cheese fell to the ground.
The fox wanted the cheese.
A fox saw a crow sitting on a branch with a

large piece of cheese in his mouth.

The fox picked up the cheese and ran away.
"How beautifully you can sing!" said the fox to the crow. "Won't you sing for me?"

A fox saw a crow sitting on a branch with a large piece of cheese in his mouth. The fox wanted the cheese. “How beautiful you can sing!” said the fox to the crow. “Won’t to caw, the cheese fell to the ground. The fox picked up the cheese and ran away.

The fox wanted to eat the grapes.
He saw several bunches of ripe grapes hanging. from the vines.
One day a hungry fox walked into a fruit-garden.

He jumped at them but could not reach them.

He went away, saying to himself, "The grapes are sour; I don't want them."
He tried again and again, but he did not succeed.

One day hungry fox walked into a fruit - garden. He saw several bunches of ripe grapes hanging from the vines. The fox wanted to eat the grapes. He jumped at them but could not reach them. He tried again and again, but he did not succeed. He went away, saying to himself, "The grapes are sour; I don't want them "

A."Whose hat is this?" he said, kicking the hat.

One day, when he was walking to the bank he saw a hat at his feet.
Mr Tilak works in a bank.
Mr. Tilak thought a moment. "Oh!" he said. “The hat that I kicked is mine!"

E.Mr Tilak walked on. After a couple of minutes a friend greeted him and said, "You are not wearing your hat today. What is the matter?"

Mr. Tilak works in a bank. One day, when he was walking to the bank he saw a hat at his feet. “ Whose hat is this ?” he said, kicking the hat. Mr. Tilak walked on. After a couple of minutes a friend greeted him and said, “ You are not wearing your hat today. What is the matter ?” Mr. Tilak thought a moment. “Oh!” he said, “The hat that I kicked is mine !”

The dog reached a stream.
While walking along the bridge with the bone in its mouth, the dog saw something in the water and stopped.
A dog stole a bone and ran off.

There was a bridge over the stream.

It was the dog's reflection.
It wanted to have that bone too and jumped into the river.
It drowned in the river.

The dog thought that there was another dog with another bone.

A dog stole a bone and ran off. The dog reached a stream. There was a bridge over the stream. While walking along the bridge with the bone in its mouth, the dog saw something in the water and stopped. It was the dog’s reflection. The dog thought that there was another dog with another bone. It wanted to have that bone too and jumped into the river. It drowned in the river.

Unit – 30 Letter Writing

Ashok's uncle sent him a camera for his birthday, while wishing him by letter many happy returns. Ashok has written a reply to his uncle. This is his letter.

12 Lamington Road

Mumbai 400007

25 July 20..

Dear Uncle,

I have received your letter and the camera. They arrived just on my birthday (yesterday). Thank you very much for your good wishes and the valuable gift. We took excellent snaps with the camera. It made my birthday very enjoyable.

Yours affectionately,

Ashok Kumar

Ashok wrote his uncle's address on the envelope like this:

Postal

stamp

Mr V. Ramkrishna 2

5 Gandhi Nagar

Bengaluru 560 009

Exercise I...

Now pretend that your uncle (or grandfather) has sent you some CDs/DVDs for your birthday. You have found the CDs/DVDs very useful. Write a reply to him. Follow the example given.

Bokhina

Porbandar

Date

Dear uncle,,

Thank you very much for your good wishes and the CDs. I have listened to the first Unit of each of the CDs and found that they will be of great value to me. They will help to improve my communication

skills.

Thank you again

Yours

XYZ

Write your uncle’s (or grandfather’s) address on the envelope.

Example:

Read the following letter. Saroja wrote to the principal requesting a day’s leave. She put her address at the top left- hand corner of the letter. This method is preferred today.

65 Rajaji Street

Chennai 600005

3 July 2008

The Principal

V.N. Public School

Chennai

Dear Sir,

I am unable to attend school as I am suffering from flu. I will be grateful if you will grant me leave of absence for two days (3rd and 4th July).

Your faithfully,

Saroja

Exercise II….

You have heard that a relative ( for example, your grandmother) is seriously ill. You want to visit him/her. Write a letter to your principal/ headmaster/ headmistress requesting a day’s leave .

Bokhira

Porbandar

Date

The principal

St. Joseph School,

Khapat,

Porbandar

Respected Sir,

I have had a msg. Saying that my grandmother is seriously ill. I am going to visit her. I would be great ful if you would grant me leave of absence today.

Your faithfully,

(Sing)

Class – IV A, Roll no - ….