ENGLISH GRAMMAR

STD-V A/B 

  • First Unit Test Syllabus
  1. Parts of Speech
  2. Sentences
  3. Subject and Predicate
  4. Present Continuous Tense and Simple Present Tense
  5. Simple Past Tense and Present Perfect Tense
  • Second Unit Test Syllabus
  1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  2. Past continuous tense
  3. The Future: will and going to
  4. Introduction to Auxiliary Verbs
  5. Negative Statement
  6. Questions
  • First Semester Exam Syllabus
  1. Parts of Speech
  2. Sentences
  3. Subject and predicate
  4. Present continuous tense and simple present tense
  5. Simple past tense and present perfect tense
  6. Present perfect continuous tense
  7. Past continuous tense
  8. The future : will and going to
  9. Introduction to auxiliary verbs
  10. Negative statements
  11. Questions
  12. Short answers
  13. Question tags
  14. Permission: can, may ,might
  15. Ability: can, could , was able to
  16. Request: will, would, can ,could
  17. Offers: will, would ,shall ,can
  18. Synonyms (Page no. 121)
  19. Comprehension ( page no.137,138)
  20. Paragraph Writing
  21. Story Writing
  22. Letter Writing

 

1.Parts of Speech

When we speak and write we use different kinds of words. Words are divided into eight classes according to the work they do in a sentence. They are :

  1. nouns 2. pronouns 3. adjectives 4. verbs 5. adverbs 6. prepositions 7. conjunctions
  2. interjections

These word classes are often called parts of speech.

Noun is a word that names or refers to a person, animal, place or thing. For example, doctor (person), horse (animal ), Nepal (place) and computer (thing) are nouns.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. The main pronouns are : I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them.

An adjective is a word that tells us more about a person or thing. For example, the words clever, large, five, five, this and some are adjectives.

a clever girl, a large house, five books, this camera, some milk

  A verb is mainly a "doing word". It says what somebody or something does .For example, speak, sing, go, teach, learn and eat are verbs.

A few verbs like be (= am/is/are/was/were), remain, have and seem express a state (= being) or condition.

 

Verbs are not always single words. A verb may be made up of two or three words. For example, is working is a verb; has been working is also a verb.

An adverb is a word that mainly adds to the meaning of a verb and says how, when or where something happens. For example, carefully, well, now, tomorrow, here and there are adverbs.

She drives carefully. (answers "How?")

We are going to Chennai tomorrow. (answers "When?")

A preposition is a word (such as at, on, in, to, by and with) used before a noun pronoun to show time, place, method, etc.

A conjunction is a joining word such as and, but, so, because, if and though. It joins words or groups of words.

An interjection is a word spoken suddenly to express a strong feeling. Oh, hurrah, wow, hey, hello and gosh are interjections. (e.g. Hey! What are you doing there?)

Modern grammars often include determiners among word classes. A determiner is a word used before a noun to show which person or thing is being talked about. Determiners include the, a, an, this, these, that, those, every, all, both, some, any, my your, one, two, etc. Most of the determiners (almost all except the and a/an) are usually treated as adjectives in traditional grammars.

Exercise. 1

Find the nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the following sentences. Arrange them in three columns in your notebook.

1 They have bought a new car.

Ans. They- pronoun

           New- adjective

          Car- Noun

2 She made us a nice cake.

Ans. She- pronoun

         Us- pronoun

         Nice-adjective

         Cake-noun

3 Aladdin had a wonderful lamp.

Ans. Aladdin-noun

        Wonderful-adjective

        Lamp-noun

  1. He lent me some money.

Ans. He- pronoun

         Me- pronoun

         Some-adjective

         Money-noun

  1. That garden is very lovely.

Ans. That, lovely-adjective

          Garden- noun

Exercise  2

Find the verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections in the following sentences. Arrange them in five columns in your notebook.

 

1.We saw the movie yesterday.

Ans. Saw-verb

        Yesterday- adverb

  1. Shh! Talk quietly.

Ans. Shh- interjection

         Talk- verb

         Quietly- adverb

 

  1. This watch is cheap, but it works well.

Ans. Is, work- verb

        But- conjunction

        Well- adverb

  1. We missed the bus, so we went there in a taxi.

Ans. Missed, went- verb

        So- conjunction

        There-adverb

        In- preposition

  1. Bravo! They have played excellently.

Ans. Bravo- interjection

        Have, played-verb

       Excellently-adverb

  1. She drove slowly, yet she met with an accident.

Ans. Drove, met- verb

         Slowly- adverb

         Yet- conjunction

         With- preposition

  1. Ouch! I have burnt my fingers on the kettle!

Ans. Ouch- interjection

        Have, burnt- verb

        On- preposition

Exercise  3

Name the parts of speech of the words in bold.

A clerk arrived at the office late. The manager was angry.

"Very sorry, Sir," the clerk said. "I have come late because I overslept." "Gosh!" exclaimed the manager. "Do you sleep at home too?"

Write your answers on the lines below.

  1. clerk- noun
  2. arrived- verb
  3. at- preposition
  4. late- adverb
  5. was- verb
  6. angry- adjective
  7. because- conjunction
  8. gosh- interjection
  9. You – pronoun

10.home- noun

  1. Sentences

A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense.

Below are three groups of words. Can you say which of them is a sentence?

sat they the hall in

in the hall

They sat in the hall.

No. 1 does not make sense, so we cannot call it a sentence.

No. 2 makes some sense but does not make complete sense. It cannot be called a sentence.

No. 3 makes complete sense. It is a sentence.

A written sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!). Study these sentences :

You walked fast.

Did you walk fast?

Walk fast.

How fast you walked!

The first sentence says or states something. This type of sentence is called a statement.

Sentence 2 asks about something. This is a question.

Sentence 3 tells somebody to do something. This type of sentence is called a command.

Sentence 4 expresses a strong feeling. This kind of sentence is called an exclamation.

Here are further examples of these four types of sentences :

Statements

They are watching TV.

We are learning grammar.

He has opened the gate.

She doesn’t like tea.

Questions

What channel is the programme on?

Has he opened the gate?

Doesn't she like tea?

Can you operate a computer?

Command

Turn the TV down.

Open the gate.

Don't take too much tea.

Switch off the computer.

Exclamation

How amusing the programme was!

How noisily he has opened the gate!

What horrible tea!

What a marvel the computer is!

Statements  are sometimes called declarative sentences.

Questions  are also called interrogative sentences.

Commands can also be called imperative sentences.

Exclamations can also be called exclamatory sentences.

More about imperative sentences.

The basic use of an imperative sentence is to give an order. We also use an imperative sentence:

1.to give advice

    Try again

     See a doctor.

  1. to offer food or drink

Have a cup of tea.

Have some more rice.

  1. to make a wish for someone Have a happy journey.

Have a nice time.

  1. to warn somebody

      Don't touch that wire.

     Don' t lean out of the window.

  1. to give instructions

   Write your answers in pencil.

   Turn left at the crossroads.

A statement ends with a full stop.

A question ends with a question mark.

A command usually ends with a full stop.

An exclamation ends with an exclamation mark.

Exercise  1

Look at these sentences, written by a lazy boy. He hasn't put any punctuation marks at the end of the sentences. Put the punctuation marks and write S (= statement), Q (= question), C (= command) or E (= exclamation) next to each sentence.

  1. How long have you lived here? Q
  2. What a good idea! E
  3. We went to see the exhibition. S
  4. Reply as early as you can. C
  5. Did you go to bed late last night? Q
  6. They have been playing all day. S
  7. What lovely flowers these are! E
  8. What time do you get up? Q
  9. Ring me up as soon as she arrives. C
  10. Would you do the shopping while you are out? Q
  11. We are having a party next Sunday. S

 

  1. Can you finish the work? Q
  2. How quickly the holiday has passed! E
  3. Start when you hear the bell. C
  4. How lucky you are! E
  5. How much have you paid for the bag? Q
  6. Open the book at page25. C
  7. There is a phone call for you. S
  8. What a large house! E
  9. Have you returned the book you borrowed last week ? Q

Exercise 2

Write 12 sentences of your own : three statements, three questions, three imperative and three exclamations

Statements

  1. He works hard.
  2. I have sent him a message.
  3. They are going to Mumbai.

Questions

  1. Does he work hard?
  2. Have you charged mobile?
  3. Where did you buy this pen?

Imperative sentences

  1. Work hard.
  2. Type this letter fast.
  3. Don’t drive so fast.

Exclamation

  1. How hard he works!
  2. What an amusing film!
  3. How dirty his clothes are!

3.Subject and Predicate

A sentence has two main parts      and predicate.

The part of a sentence which names the person or  thing that we talk about is called the subject.

The part which contains a verb and says something about the subject is called the predicate.

Study these sentences, in which the two parts are separated.

Subject

Predicate

The birds

are flying up.

Shobha

is a clever girl.

He

recorded the programme.

The tall girl over there

is my cousin.

The Lal family

Have gone to see the exhibition.

The subject usually comes first, but sometimes it is put after the predicate.

Up went the balloon. (Subject : the balloon)

Here comes the bus. (Subject : the bus) The subject is often omitted in commands.

Wash the plates. (You is understood.)

Separate the subject and the predicate in each of these sentences.

  1. The children – Subject

are watching cartoons – predicate

  1. That- Subject is my uncle- predicate
  2. My uncle- subject an engineer- predicate

4.The large house over there-subject                                              is my grandfather’s- predicate

  1. Lost time-subject Is never found-predicate
  2. I – subject the Internet nearly every day- predicate
  3. Ramesh, Robert and Rahim-subject are good friends- predicate
  4. The programme on Channel 9-subject was very useful-predicate
  5. Somebody- subject knocking on the door-predicate
  6. Here is – predicate

An announcement-subject

Match the subjects in A with the predicates in B.(Textbook page no.14)

  1. Present Continuous Tense

and Simple Present Tense

Present Continuous

Positive

I

am

helping.

You

We

They

 

are

 

helping.

He

She

It

 

is

 

helping.

Negatives

I

am not

helping.

You

We

They

 

are not

 

helping.

He

She

It

 

is not

 

helping.

Questions

Am

I

helping.

Are

You

we

they

 

helping.

Is

he

she

it

 

helping.

Short forms

am > ‘m     are > ‘re         is > ‘s

are not > aren’t          is not > isn’t

Short answers

Are you helping?  

Yes, I am./No, I’m not

Are they helping?

Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.

Simple present

Positive

I

You

We

They

 

 

help.

He

She

It

 

help.

Negative

I

You

We

They

 

 

do not help.

He

She

It

 

does not help.

Questions

Do

I

you

we

they

 

 

help.

Does

he

she

it

 

help.

Short forms

Do not > don’t    does not > don’t

Short answers

Do you help?

Yes, I do./No, I don’t

 Uses

The present continuous is used for an action that is happening now and is not completed:

Look! It is raining.

They are playing football (now).

Are you reading? — No, I'm watching TV.

We also use the present continuous to talk about something that is happening around now, but not necessarily at the time of speaking.

Mr Raman is writing a novel. (i.e. He has started the novel but has not yet finished it. At this moment, he is talking to his friends.)

I'm going to school by bus this week; my moped is giving trouble.

The present continuous is also used for the future.

We are going to Delhi tomorrow. I'm meeting a friend this evening. What are you doing next Sunday?

As the examples above show, we use this tense to talk about something that we have arranged to do in the future.

We use the simple present:

a)to talk about things that happen again and again

I go for a walk every evening.

He usually reads till midnight.

Do you often play tennis ? — Yes, I do.

b)for things that are always or generally true

The sun rises in the east.

Rain falls from the clouds.

She speaks English fluently.

Mr Ghosh doesn't write poems.

He writes short stories.

As in the last three sentences, this tense is often used for things that stay the same for a long time.

The simple present can also be used with future meaning. We use it when we talk about timetables.

The train arrives at 9.20.

What time does the match start ?

The school opens on 12th June.

Use the present continuous, not the simple present, for personal arrangements.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with the present continuous of the verb work.

  1. We are working
  2. Kishor is working
  3. I am working
  4. Padma and I are working
  5. All the pupils are working
  6. You are working
  7. The clock is working

Exercise 2

  1. Complete these sentences using these verbs in the present continuous tense.

visit go ring bite cook watch climb
  1. Listen! The phone is ringing .
  2. We are visiting Qutub Minar tomorrow.
  3. Look, mom! Gopi is biting his nails again.
  4. I am going to Nagpur next Sunday.
  5. Those girls are eating chocolate in class.
  6. Mother is in the kitchen. She is cooking
  7. The boy is climbing over the wall.
  8. They are watching the cricket match.

Exercise 3

  1. Put in work or works.
  1. She works
  2. You work

I often work hard.

  1. My brother works
  2. Tom and I work
  3. We always work
  4. He works
  5. They never work
  6. These clocks work
  7. This clock works

B.Put in don't or doesn 't.

1.He doesn’t work hard.

2.She doesn’t eat fish.

  1. I don’t remember him.
  2. You don’t know it.
  3. This shirt doesn’t suit me.
  4. These shoes don’t suit me.
  5. Put in do or does.
  6. Does he work hard.
  7. Do they know it.
  8. Does it work well?
  9. Which story do you like best.
  10. Where does she live?
  11. What time does the train arrive?

Exercise 4

Change the following sentences into (a) negatives, (b) questions.

Example :

He knows it.            (a) He doesn't know it.           (b) Does he know it?

  1. He tells the truth.
    1. He doesn’t tell the truth.
    2. Does he tell the truth?
  2. You type fast.
    1. You don’t type fast.
    2. Do you type fast?
  3. The boy teases the dog.
    1. The boy doesn’t tease the dog.
    2. Does the boy tease the dog?
  4. They sell computers.
    1. They don’t sell computers.
    2. Do they sell computers?
  5. The children like cartoons.
    1. The children don’t like cartoons.
    2. Do the children like cartoons?

Exercise 5

Complete the sentences with the simple present of the verb below.

Teach  fly  make  write  read

Drive   fight  take  grow  repair
  1. Mr Roy is a writer. He writes
  2. Mr Singh is a pilot. He flies
  3. Govind and Sandeep are drivers. They drive
  4. MS James is a teacher. She teaches
  5. Gopi and Ravi tailors. They make
  6. Mrs Kaul is a newsreader. She reads the news on TV.
  7. Mr Khan in a mechanic. He repairs
  8. Gopal is a farmer. He grows
  9. Anil and Vijay are Soldiers. They fight in a war.
  10. Sanjay is a photographer. He takes

Exercise  6

Write questions and your own short answers.

  1. You/get up/before 6.00 everyday?

Ans . Do you get up before 6.00 everyday ?- No, I don’t.

2.You/read/a newspaper everyday?

Ans. Do you read a newspaper everyday?- Yes, I do.

3.You/clean/your shoes every day?

Ans. Do you clean your shoes everyday?-No, I don’t.

4.you/usually/do/your homework in the evening?

Ans. Do you usually do your homework in the evening?-Yes,Ido.

5.You/getup late on Sundays?

Ans. Do you get up late on Sundays?-Yes, I do

6.You/eat lunch at school?

Ans. Do you eat lunch at school?- No, I don’t.

Exercise  7

Choose the correct form (present continuous or simple present) to fill each space.

  1. I am going to school now.(go/am going)
  2. I go to school everyday. (go/am going)
  3. The sun sets in the west.(sets/is setting)
  4. Look! The sun is setting .(sets/is setting)
  5. Are you working at the moment?(do you work/Are you working)
  6. She usually takes bread for breakfast.(takes/is taking)
  7. Gopal is wearing jeans today.(wears/is wearing)
  8. Rahul is writing a composition at the moment.(writes/is writing)
  9. Rahul writes good compositions.(writes/is writing)
  10. Listen! Somebody is tapping the door.(taps/is tapping)

5.Past Tense and Present Perfect Tense

Simple Past

The same form is used with all subject.

The simple past of most verbs end in – ed , e.g. help – helped.

Some verbs have irregular simple past forms, e.g. sing-sang.

Positive

I

You

We

They

He

She

It

 

 

helped.

 

sang.

Negatives

I

You

We

They

He

She

It

 

 

 

did not

 

 

 

 

help.

 

Sing.

Questions

 

 

 

 

Did

I

you

we

they

he

she

it

 

 

 

 

help?

 

Sing?

 

 

Short forms

did not > Present Perfect Tense

Form

have/has + past participle

The past participle of most verbs end in- ed,e.g.help-helped.

Positive

I

You

We

They

 

 

have

 

 

helped.

He

She

It

 

has

sung.

Negative

I

You

We

They

 

 

have not

 

 

Helped.

He

She

It

 

has not

 

Sung.

Question

 

 

Have

I

you

we

they

 

 

 

helped?

 

Has

he

she

it

 

sung?

Short forms

have > ‘ve        has > ‘s

have not > haven’t   has not > hasn’t

Uses

The simple past is used for an action completed at some time in the past.

I bought a bike yesterday.

She passed the driving test two months ago.

Did you see Sheila at the party? — No, I didn't.

Like the simple past, the present perfect describes a past action. But there is important difference. We use the simple past when we talk or think about a definite in the past (e.g. yesterday, last night, five days ago, in 2004). On the other hand we use the present perfect when we are not thinking or talking about the time that the action took place. We may see the results now. Compare the first and second sentence above with the following:

I have bought a bike. (= I've got a bike now. I needn't go to school by bus any longer.)

She has passed the driving test. (= She can drive a car now.)

Further examples:

My brother has gone out. (= He isn 't at home now.) He has cleaned the fan. (= The fan is clean now.)

We also use the present perfect tense:

a)with just for actions that happened a short time ago.

He has just gone out.

I have just had tea.

b)with never, ever (in questions), yet ( in questions and negatives), so far, already etc. when we talk about a time from the past till now.

I’ve never seen the Taj.

Have you ever visited America?- No, I haven’t

He hasn’t returned yet.

She’s already finished the homework.

Note

Use the simple past, not the present perfect, with past time words (or phrases) like yesterday, last week, four days ago.

Wrong: I have seen the film last night.

Right: I saw the film last night.

Wrong: She has arrived yesterday.  Right: She arrived yesterday.

The simple past describes only the past, while the present perfect links the past with the present. 

Exercise  1

Change the following sentences into (a) negatives, (b) questions. Example :

The bird flew. A) The bird didn’t fly.

  1. B) Did the bird fly?
  2. They played well. A) They did not play well. B) did they play well?
  3. The train left. A) the train did not leave. B) Did the train leave?

3.She lost her bag. A) she didn’t lose her bag? B) Did she lose her bag?

4.They caught the thief. A) They didn't catch the thief. B) Did they catch the thief?

  1. He sold the car. A) He didn't sell the car. B) Did he sell the car?
  2. They repaired the bridge. A) They didn’t repair the bridge. B) Did they repair the bridge?
  3. She read the story. A) She didn't read the story. B) Did she read the story?
  4. The plate broke. A) Thehe plate didn’t break. B) Did the plate break?

9.They videoed the function. A) They didn’t video the function. B) Did they video the function?

  1. She turned off the tap. A) She didn't turn off the tap. B) Did she turn off the tap?

Exercise  2

Textbook page no. 26

Exercise   3

Textbook page no. 27,28

Exercise . 4

Complete the sentences, using these verbs in the present perfect.

go   solve  forget  hurt  lose  live drink  make
  1. I know that women but I have forgotten her name.
  2. “Is your father in?” No, he has gone
  3. He has hurt he foot, so he is not playing.
  4. I have solved the Crossword Puzzle easily.
  5. Who has made these biscuits? They are very delicious.
  6. We have lived in Nagpur for over 10 years.
  7. “Where is your key?” “I don't know. I have lost ”
  8. I have drunk four cups of coffee today.

Exercise  5

  1. Somebody at home asks you to do certain things. Tell him or her that you have already done the things. Example :

Wash your hands.

I have already washed my hands.

1.Do your homework.

Ans. I have already done my homework.

  1. Turn off the tap.

Ans. I have already turned the tape off.

  1. Phone Kishore.

Ans. I have already phoned Kishore.

  1. Polish the shoes.

Ans. I have already polished the shoes.

  1. Sharpen the pencil.

Ans. I have already sharpened the pencil.

  1. Iron the clothes.

Ans. I have already ironed the clothes.

B.Questions from these prompts, using the present perfect and yet, as shown in the example.

Rahim — arrive

Has Rahim arrived yet?

  1. the train—arrive

Ans. Has the train arrived yet?

  1. Gopi — dress up

Ans. Has Gopi dressed up yet?

  1. you- finish your homework

Ans. Have you finished your homework yet?

  1. you — have breakfast

Ans. Have you had breakfast yet?

  1. You – wash the car

Ans. Have you washed the car yet?

  1. You – read the newspaper

Ans. Have you read the newspaper yet?

Exercise  6

Write two sentences about each picture, using the words in the boxes. Use the present perfect in the first sentence and the simple past in the other. Example:

  1. Anand/buy a camera/yesterday

Ans. Anand has bought a camera.

Ans. Anand bought a camera yesterday.

  1. Prakash/repair the TV/yesterday

Ans. Prakash has repaired the TV.

Ans. He repaired it yesterday.

  1. We/see the film/ last night

Ans. We have seen the film.

Ans. We saw it last night.

  1. Gopi/wash the car/last Sunday

Ans. Gopi has washed the car.

Ans. He washed it last Sunday.

  1. Anita/pass the driving test/in May

Ans. Anita has passed the driving test.

Ans. She passed it in May.

  1. Sanjay/break his leg/on Monday

Ans. Sanjay has broken his leg.

Ans. He broken it on Monday.

6.Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I

We

You

They

 

have been working.

have been not working.

 

 

Have

I

we

you

they

 

been working?

 

He

She

It

 

has been working.

Has been not working.

 

 

Has

he

she

it

 

been working?

Uses

Study this example situation:

Usha is singing now. She began singing twenty minutes ago, and she is still singing.

How long has Usha been singing?

She has been singing for twenty minutes.

We often use the present perfect continuous in this way.The tense shows that an action began in the past and is still going on.

We use this tense mainly with how long , for….. and since…. We can also use it with all day , all morning , all afternoon.

He has been watering the garden since 5 o’clock.

I have been waiting for an hour.

They  have been living in Nagpur since 2001.

We have been watching TV all afternoon.

It has been raining all day.

Note

We use since when we mention the starting point of time. We use for when we men the length of time.

Starting point of time

 

 

 

Since

8 o’clock

Monday

July 20

1995

My Childhood

Length of time

 

 

for

Two hours

Five days

 A long time

Several years ago

Exercise  1

Complete these sentences using the present perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.

  1. The phone has been ringing for five minutes. (ring)
  2. I have been working in this office for three years. (work)
  3. MrSinha has been living in Mumbai since his marriage. (live)
  4. Miss Jones has been teaching in this school since 2001.(teach)
  5. I have been reading this book for 6 days. (days)
  6. We have been sitting here for half an hour. (sit)
  7. It has been raining since last night. (rain)
  8. The girls have been studying for two hours.(study)
  9. He has been playing the piano since 5 o'clock. (play)
  10. Tom has been suffering from typhoid for 10 days. (suffer)

Exercise  2

Change the above sentences to questions number 1 and 6 have been done as examples.

  1. How long has the phone been ringing?
  2. How long have you been working in this office?
  3. How long has Mr Sinha been living in Mumbai?
  4. How long has Miss Jones been teaching in this school?
  5. How long have you been reading this book?
  6. How long have you been sitting here?
  7. How long has it been raining here?
  8. How long have the girls been studying?
  9. How long has he been playing?
  10. How long has Tom been suffering from typhoid?

Exercise  3

Some of  the following expressions are used with since and others are used with for . Write them in the correct columns.

 

 

since

2003

last Saturday

10:30

last week

6 October

 

 

 

for

four years

a week

five days

a long time

three hours

Exercise  4

Make a four sentences using the present perfect continuous tense with since/ for. Here our ideas to help you.

Speak on the phone

use the computer

wait for the bus

play tennis

  1. She has been speaking on the phone since 6:20.
  2. We have been waiting for the bus since 9:45.
  3. I have been using the computer for 2 hours.
  4. They have been playing tennis for about an hour.
  5. Past Continuous Tense

Positive

I

He

She

It

 

 

was helping

You

We

They

 

were helping.

Negative

I

He

She

It

 

was not helping.

You

We

They

 

were not helping.

Questions

 

Was

 

I

he

she

it

 

 

helping?

 

Were

you

we

they

 

helping?

Short forms

was not >  wasn’t

were not >  weren’t

Short answers

Yes, I was./ No, I wasn’t.

Yes, they were./No, they weren’t.

Uses

We use the past continuous to talk about an action that was still going on at a certain time in the past.

I was writing a letter at 8.30 this morning.

The past continuous is often used together with the simple past. It shows that an action was continuing at a time when a new shorter action happened. The simple past is used for the new action.

Padma burnt her hand while she was cooking the lunch.

We were playing chess when the phone rang.

It was raining when I got up this morning.

Exercise  1..

Join each idea in A with an idea from B. Then write each of the sentences under correct picture. No. 1  has been done as an example.(Textbook page no. 39&37)

Exercise  2…

Fill in the blanks using these verbs in the past continuous tense.

                  rain    have     watch     ride     play
  1. We were watching TV when Anand came in.
  2. I hurt my leg when I was playing
  3. They were having lunch when the phone rang.
  4. It was raining when I came out.
  5. Vinay fell off when he was riding his bike.
  6. The Future: will and going to

We use will when we are certain or almost certain about something in the future. We often use I think, I suppose, I'm sure, I expect, probably, perhaps, etc. with will.

My sister will be five next Friday.

I think India will win the match.

I'm sure you will enjoy the trip.

I expect it will rain this afternoon.

I won't be at home this afternoon. (will not - won't).

We can also use 'will' to make a promise or offer to do

 I'll lend you this book tomorrow.

I'll carry the bag for you.

"I left my umbrella in t e car.  "I'll get it for you."

We use 'going to ' to talk about things we intend to do in the future.

I'm going to buy a new moped.

We are going to have a party next Sunday.

Are you going to invite Bhaskar to the party?

We also use will when we talk about things we intend difference. We use will when we decide to do immediately. We use going to when we have decided to do something before talking about it.

Compare:

"It's a great film."—"Really? Then I'll see it tomorrow." (The speaker has just decided.)

"Have you heard about that film?" —

" Yes. I'm going to see it tomorrow." (The speaker decided before now.)

Exercise  1…

Write four sentences saying what you think will happen tomorrow or this week. Begin "I think/suppose/expect or probably." Example:

I think the weather will be fine tomorrow.

  1. I think I will be very busy tomorrow.
  2. I expect Mr Mukherjee will arrive tomorrow.
  3. I suppose he will be with me all day.
  4. Probably I will take him around the city.

Exercise  2…

Here is Mr Patil’s diary:

Write sentences saying what he is going to do, like this: On Monday Mr Patil is going to visit the Mehtas.

On Tuesday he is going to watch cricket on TV.

On Wednesday he is going to see the dentist at 5:00.

On Thursday he is going to have dinner with Mr Bose.

On Friday he is going to send a birthday gift to Vijaya.

On Saturday he is going to see a flat in Srinagar.

  1. Introduction to Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs (or Auxiliaries) are "helping verbs", used with Other verbs to tenses, passive voice, questions, etc. or to express meanings like ability, permission, possibility and necessity. Here is the list of auxiliaries:

     

be (am, is ,was, etc.)

have (have, has, had)

do (do, does, did)

can

could

may

might

will

would

shall

should

must

ought

Need and dare are sometimes used as auxiliaries.

The verbs be, have and do are auxiliaries only when they are used to form question negatives, etc. For example, the verb do is an auxiliary in the first sentence below , while it is an ordinary verb in the second sentence.

Auxiliaries have a very important part in the formation of questions and negatives. We make a question, we put an auxiliary in front of the subject. We make a sentence negatives by putting not immediately after an auxiliary. In spoken English we usually attach the short form n 't to the auxiliary.

The auxiliaries be and have are used with ordinary verbs to form tenses. Mother is cooking. (Present continuous)

  They were playing tennis. (Past continuous)

Tom has gone out. (Present perfect)

They had left by that time. (Past perfect)

The auxiliary bi is also used to make passive forms.

Ravi is liked by everybody.

(Active: Everybody likes Ravi.)

The Taj Mahal it was built by Shah Jahan.

(Active: Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal.)

The auxiliary do is used to form questions, negatives, etc. in the simple present and simple past tenses.

He smokes.                            

Does he smoke?

He doesn't smoke.

They sell TVs.         

Do they sell TVs?

They don't sell TVs.

He phoned her.                      

Did he phone her?

He didn't phone her.

The auxiliaries can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must and ought (sometimes need and dare) are called modal auxiliaries or modal verbs. We often use modal verbs to talk about ability, permission, necessity etc.

Modal verbs have only one form. They do not have endings like -s, - ed or -ing.

After modal verbs we use the base form of ordinary verbs (like go, speak, arrive).

Ought is an exception. We use ought with the to form (e.g. You ought to work hard.)

Exercise …

Underline the auxiliaries the following sentences.

  1. I have bought a kilo of grapes.
  2. Bread is made from flour.
  3. You must brush your teeth after every meal.
  4. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Belt.
  5. When did buy this camera?
  6. What shall we do in the evening?
  7. I am going to my hometown on Sunday.
  8. He says he can't come with us.
  9. May I go home early today?
  10. I fell off the chair while I was changing the light bulb.
  11. Would drop me at the station, please?
  12. She doesn't like to go to the party.
  13. Negative Statement

As you have seen before, in a negative statement not or n 't comes after the auxiliary verb.

I am not reading. I am playing.

He hasn't returned my umbrella.

She can’t type.

You shouldn’t go to bed late.

Day couldn’t arrive on time.

We cannot say amn't. The short form n 't cannot be used with am. We say: I'm not. The verb be (am/is/was etc.) comes before not or n't even when used as an ordinary verb.

I'm not free.

He wasn 't happy.

They were not at home.

If there is more than one auxiliary verb, we put not/n 't after the first one.

They may not have gone to the station.

 You won 't be allowed to smoke.

In the simple present and simple past tenses we use do/does/did.

He sells bread.         He doesn't sell bread.

They sell bread. They don't sell bread.

He sold the bread. He didn't sell the bread.

Note the negative forms of have (got) and had:

He has a scooter.   

He doesn't have a scooter.

He has got a scooter.

He hasn't got a scooter.

They have got a car.

They haven't got a car.

They had a car.

They didn't have a car.

Exercise…

Make these statements negative.

  1. It is raining.

Ans. It isn’t raining.

  1. He has passed the exam.

Ans. He hasn't passed the exam.

  1. They will be here tomorrow.

Ans. They won’t be here tomorrow.

  1. They have a house in Bangalore.

Ans. They don't have a house in Bangalore.

  1. I have got a paint brush.

Ans. I have not got a paint brush.

  1. They know English.

Ans. They don't know English.

7.We got up early.

Ans. We didn't get up early.

  1. She teaches music.

Ans. She doesn't teach music.

  1. They were here yesterday.

Ans. They were not here yesterday

  1. I forgot to post the letter.

Ans. I didn’t forget to post the letter.

  1. They live in Nagpur.

Ans. They don't live in Nagpur.

  1. He had a new suit.

Ans. He didn't have a new suit.

  1. She may have returned the book.

Ans. She may not have returned the book.

  1. We saw the film.

Ans. We didn’t see the film.

  1. The bus goes to Rampur.

Ans. The bus doesn't go to Rampur.

  1. I like sweets.

Ans. I don’t like sweets.

  1. You must buy it.

Ans. You must not buy it.

  1. He had a bath.

Ans. He didn’t have a bath.

  1. She works hard.

Ans. She doesn't work hard.

  1. I would like to be a doctor.

Ans. I wouldn't like to be a doctor.

  1. Questions

There are two types of questions : yes/no questions and wh-questions.

Yes/no questions can be answered by yes or no. They begin with an auxiliary verb.

Is he coming tomorrow?

Do you go to school by bus?

Wh-questions cannot be answered by yes/no. They begin with who, which, what, when, where, how or why.

When is he coming?

How do you go to school?

Yes/No questions

As stated above, yes/no questions begin with an auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb is put before the subject.

She is reading.         Is she reading?

Ajay has come.        Has Ajay come?

He can swim.          Can he swim?

The ordinary verb be(am/is/are/was/were) also comes before the subject.

She is at home. Is she at home?

They were busy.      Were they busy?

If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, the first one comes before the subject.

He has been working all day. ——.> Has he been working all day?

In the simple present tense we use do/does.

They know Hindi.   Do they know Hindi?

He knows Tamil. Does he know Tamil?

In the simple past tense we use did.

He finished the work. ———>Did he finish the work?

Exercise  1…

Change the following into yes/no questions.

  1. He is coming with us.

Ans. Is he coming with us?

  1. They have gone out.

Ans. Have they gone out?

  1. They know you.

Ans. Do they know you?

  1. She will speak to us.

Ans. Will she speak to us?

  1. He tells the truth.

Ans. Does he tell the truth?

  1. She was late.

Ans. Was she late?

  1. Tom won the race.

Ans. Did Tom win the race?

  1. They sell computers.

Ans. Do they sell computers?

  1. She writes novels.

Ans. Does she write novels?

  1. It has been raining all day.

Ans. Has it been raining all day?

  1. They were having lunch.

Ans. Were they having lunch?

  1. Atul took the CD. c

Ans. Did Atul take the CD?

Wh- questions

In wh- questions (as in yes/no questions) the auxiliary verb (or the ordin is/am/are/was/were) usually comes before the subject. If there is more than  auxiliary verb, the first one is used before the subject.

He has gone. (Where ?)

Where has he gone?

You will phone her. (When?)

When will you phone her?

She is angry. (Why?)

Why is she angry?

You will be meeting them. (When?)

When will you be meeting them?

You have been waiting. (How long?)

How long have you been waiting?

In the simple present tense we use do/does. In the simple past tense we use did•

They open the shop. (When?)

When do they open the shop?

The train arrived. (When?)

When did the train arrive?

If the subject is who, what or which, the verb comes after the subject as in statements.

Somebody has phoned.

Who has phoned?

Someone shouted.

Who shouted?

Something is burning.

What is burning?

This is your pen.

Which is your pen?

Make as many sentences as you can from each of these tables. (The number of sentences you will be able to make is given under each table.)

When

Why

are

you

going there?

packing?

phoning her?

is

he
  1. When are you going there?
  2. When are you packing?
  3. When are you phoning her?
  4. When is he going there?
  5. When is he packing?
  6. When is he phoning her?
  7. Why are you going there?
  8. Why are you packing?
  9. Why are you phoning her?
  10. Why is he going there?
  11. Why is he packing?
  12. Why is he phoning her?

When

 

What time

do

you

get up?

have breakfast?

go to bed?

 

does

 

 

Mohan
  1. When do you get up?
  2. When do you have breakfast?
  3. Do you go to bed?
  4. When does Mohan get up?
  5. When does Mohan have breakfast?
  6. When does Mohan go to bed?
  7. What time do you get up?
  8. What time do you have breakfast?
  9. What time do you go to bed?
  10. What time does Mohan get up?
  11. What time does Mohan have breakfast?
  12. What time does Mohan go to bed?

 

Why

 

did

you

 

he

take the camera?

go by train?

disturb them?
  1. 0Why did you take the camera?
  2. Why did you go by train?
  3. Why did you disturb them?
  4. Why did he take the camera?
  5. Why did he go by train?
  6. Why did he disturb them?

Exercise  3…

There are mistakes in this questions. Write out the sentences correctly.

  1. Why you are laughing?

Ans. Why are you laughing?

  1. When you bought this cap?

Ans. When did you buy this cap?

  1. When your uncle is coming?

Ans. When is your uncle coming?

  1. Why you are sad?

Ans. Why are you said?

  1. Where you have put the new CDs?

Ans. Where have you put the new CDs?

  1. How you are feeling?

Ans. How are you feeling?

  1. Why he comes so late?

Ans. Why does he come so late?

  1. How you have been able to do it?

Ans. How have you been able to do it?

  1. When they will return our ladder?

Ans. When will they return our ladder?

  1. Why you dislike him?

Ans. Why do you dislike him?

  1. your sister is getting on?

Ans. How is your sister getting on?

  1. When you will be visiting the Chopras?

Ans. When will you be visiting the chopras?

        

12.Short Answers

 Look at the three types of answers to the question "Are you going to the beach?

A : Yes/No.

B : Yes, lam./No, I'm not.

C : Yes, I'm going to the beach./No, I'm not going to the beach.

Type A would not be polite enough in many contexts. Type B is more usual. Type C(a full sentence) would sound unnatural in most situations.

The following is the most usual form of short answers to yes/no questions:

Yes + pronoun + auxiliary or

No + pronoun + auxiliary + n 't

The ordinary verb be (is/am/was etc.) behaves like an auxiliary in short answers.

Examples:

Have you passed?

 Yes ,I have.

No, I haven’t.

Is she coming with us?

Yes, she is.

No, she isn’t.

Was the train late?

Yes, it was.

No, it wasn’t.

Have you got a rubber?

Yes, I have.

No, I haven’t.

Do you know Urdu?

Yes, I do.

No, I don’t

Did Tom phone again?

Yes, he did.

No, he didn’t.

We can also use Short answers to agree or disagree with statements

    Agreeing

  “  Tom is asleep”.   --"Yes, he is.”

"Radha has come." "Yes, she has."

“He knows French."                "Yes, he does."

“They played well." "Yes, they did." "You know him."      “ Yes, I do”.

Disagreeing

“Ravi is reading.”    “No, he isn’t.”

"You are joking."    “ No, I'm not."

"She can drive."      "No, she can't."

"They know you."   "No, they don't." "You teased her."       "No, I didn't."

Exercise 1

Give short answers to the following. (Give true answers.) This activity can be in pairs. Take turns to ask and answer

  1. Have you got a watch?

Yes, I have.

  1. Can you ride a bicycle?

Yes, I can.

  1. Are you learning English grammar?

Yes, I am.

  1. Do you take coffee?

No, I don't.

  1. Do you know Urdu?

No, I don't.

  1. Can you speak English?

Yes, I can

  1. Do you eat fish ?

No, I don’t.

  1. Did you go to school yesterday?

Yes, I did.

  1. Will you go to school tomorrow?

Yes, I will.

  1. Do you go to school on Sunday?

No, I don’t.

  1. Is it hot today?

Yes,  it is.

  1. Is it raining now?

   No, It is n’t.

  1. Have you got brothers?

Yes, I have.

 

  1. Are your neighbours good?

Yes, they are.

  1. Can your father drive a car?

Yes, he can.

  1. Do you often go to the cinema?

No, I don’t.

17: Does your mother get up early?

Yes, she does.

  1. Do babies talk?

No, they don’t

  1. Have you seen today's newspaper?

 Yes, I have

  1. Did you see yesterday' s newspaper?

Yes, I did

Exercise 2, .

  1. Agree with the following:

He was angry.  – Yes, he was.

Ashok knows it.—Yes, he does.

Tomorrow is a holiday.—Yes, it is.

He arrived last night.—Yes, he did.

The train has already left.—Yes,it has.

  1. Disagree with the following:

You are teasing her.- No, I’m not.

Rahim looked sad.- No, he didn’t.

Saroja has come.- No, she hasn’t.

This bus goes to Bangalore.- No, it doesn’t.

This pen is David 's.-No, it isn’t.

  1. Questions Tag

In conversation we often make a statement and ask the listener if he agrees with it or if  it is true, e.g.

He is your brother, isn't he? (= I think he is your brother — tell me if I am right.)

The latter part ("isn't it?") is called a question tag.

We also use a question tag when we are sure about something and we want listener to agree, e.g.

The garden is lovely, isn't it? (= I know the garden is lovely — agree with me.)

Study the question tags in the following sentences:

  1. It's hot, isn't it?
  2. She was late, wasn't she?
  3. Ashok has gone, hasn't he?
  4. You know his address, don't you?
  5. They invited you, didn't they
  6. Your father doesn't smoke, does he?
  7. Mary can't type, cap she?
  8. You didn't meet him, did you?

You must have noticed the following points:

(a) The subject of the statement is repeated in the question tag. If it is a noun, it is repeated in its pronoun form.

(b) If there is an auxiliary in the statement, it is repeated in the question tag (see examples 3, 6, 7 and 8). If the statement contains am/is/are/was/were, the verb behaves like an auxiliary and is repeated in the question tag (see examples 1 and 2). If there is no auxiliary verb, do/does/did is used (see examples 4 and 5).

(c) A negative tag is used after a positive statement (see examples 1 to 5). A positive tag is used for a negative statement (see examples 6 to 8).

Note

After I  am ………..the question tag is aren't I?                         I'm right, aren't I?

After Let’s……..the tag is shall we?         Let's go to the beach, shall we?

Exercise…

Add question tags to the following:

  1. It's Thursday today, isn’t it?
  2. You are late, aren’t you?
  3. Mr Sen went to Japan last year, didn’t he?
  4. You didn’t see him, did you?
  5. They live in that house, don’t they?
  6. Rahim hasn’t been there before, has he?
  7. Grace works at the hospital, doesn’t she?
  8. We can’t move this cupboard, can we?
  9. Bhaskar won't come with us, will he?
  10. lt rains a lot here, doesn’t it?
  11. Your uncle will be there tonight, won’t he?
  12. The dog bites strangers, doesn’t it?
  13. You paid the bill, didn’t you?
  14. The biscuits taste good, don't you?
  15. They didn’t invite you, did they?
  16. I’m taller then Mahesh, aren,’t I?
  17. Your brother can’t ride a bike, can he?
  18. She didn’t listen to you, did she?
  19. The food wasn’t good, was it?
  20. You know his phone number, don’t you?
  21. Permission: can, may, might

We use can or may when we are asking for permission to do something or when we are giving permission.

Can I sit here?

May I ask you a question ?

You can come in.

You may borrow this book.

Can is more usual than may in spoken English.

We may also use could when we are asking for permission. Could is more polite than can/ may.

Could I use your computer? — 'Of course you can.

Could I ask you a question?— "Certainly you can."

Could I read your newspaper? — "Of course."

Note that we cannot use could when we are giving permission.

 

Exercise …

Make at least 10 meaningful sentences from this table.

 

Can

 

Could

 

I

borrow

use

have

eat

drink

see

listen to

 

your

the

these

a/an

some

 

 

pen

bike

CD

tea

photos

bread

ice cream

 

 

 

 

 

 

?

Can I borrow your pen?

Can I use your bike?

 Can I have the CD?

Can I see the photos?

Can I eat an ice cream?

Could I borrow your pen?

Could I use your bike?

Could I eat some bread ?

Could I see the photos?

Could I listen to the CD?

  1. Ability: can, could, was able to   We use can to talk about ability in the present or future.

Ashok can speak four languages.

Gopal is very strong; he can carry the box.

I can come and see you round tomorrow.

" Can you do this sum?" "Yes, I can. "

" Can you swim?" "No, I can't. "

Short form

Can+not   >   cannot/can’t

We use could to talk about ability in the past.

When he was young he could play tennis very well.

"Could you walk when you were two?" "Yes, I could."

"Could you write the alphabet when you were three?" — "No, I couldn't."

Note that could is used only for ability and not for something that really happened. Use was/were able to (not could) for ability + action.

Mr James felt much better on Thursday, so he was able to play in the match. (not : could play…)

We ran fast and were able to catch the bus. (not • could catch…)

In negative sentences, however, we may use could or was/were able to.

He couldn't (or wasn't able to) lift the box. It was very heavy.

Tom couldn't go to school yesterday. He was ill.

Exercise 1…

Write three sentences about what you can do and three sentences about what you can't do. Example:

I can ride  a bicycle. I can't ride a moped.

I can make it. I can't cook food.

I can play cricket. I can’t swim.

I can speak English. I can't speak French.

Exercise 2…

Work in pairs. Look at the following table and take turns to ask and questions as shown in the examples. Examples :

A: Could John swim when he was three?

B: No, he couldn't.

A Could he swim when he was six? B Yes, he could.

B: Yes, he could.

(Textbook page no.  57)

  1. Request: will, would, can, could     

   We use will, would, can or could to ask somebody to do something.

Will you open the window, please?

Can you tell me the time, please?

Would you help me?

Could you lend me your camera?

Would you ……? and Could you….. ? are more polite than Will you…..?and Can you…..?

We use Can I have….? Or Could I have….? when we ask somebody to g something.

(in a shop) Can I have this doll, please?

Can I have one of these pamphlets? Could I have a glass of water?

Exercise

Change the following to polite requests. Write sentences in different ways using will, can, would and could, as shown in 1.

  1. Show me the ticket.

Will you show me the ticket, please?

Can you show me the ticket, please?

Would you show me the ticket?

Could you show me the ticket?

  1. Wait a minute.

will you wait a minute?

Can you wait a minute, please?

Would you wait a minute, please?

Could you wait a minute?

  1. Post this letter.

Will you post this letter, please?

Can you post this letter, please?

Would you post this letter, please?

Could you post this letter, please?

  1. Phone me when he comes.

Will you phone me when he comes?

Can you phone me when he comes, please?

Would you phone me when he comes, please?

Could you phone me when he comes?

  1. Come back later.

Will you come back later, please?

Can you come back later, please?

Would you come back later?

Could you come back later?

  1. Lend me your camera.

Will you lend me your camera, please?

Can you lend me your camera. Please?

Would you lend me your camera?

Could you lend me your camera?

  1. Offers: will, would, shall,can  

   We use I’ll (= I will) to offer to do something.

We also use Shall I…..? Can l ....? Or Would you like to  help.

Shall I carry the bag for you ?

Can I carry the bag for you ?

Would you like me to carry the bag for you?

Shall I/ Can I post the letter?

Would you like me to post the letter?

To offer food or drink, we often say Would you like .....?

Would you like some more rice? Would you like a cup of tea?

We use would you like + verb ? to invite someone.

Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?

Exercise 1..

Write sentences in different ways using will ,would, shall and can as shown in 1.

  1. Offer somebody to carry his suitcase.

I will carry the suitcase.

Would you like me to carry the suitcase?

Shall I carry the suitcase?

Can I carry the suitcase?

  1. Offer somebody to get a taxi for him.

I will get a taxi for you.

Would you like me to get a taxi for you?

Shall I get a taxi for you?

Can I get a taxi for you?

  1. Offer to walk home with a girl (who is afraid to walk alone.)

I will walk home with you.

Would you like me to walk home with you?

Shall I walk home with you?

Can I walk home with you?

  1. Offer to help an old woman to cross the street.

I will help you to cross the street.

Would you like me to help you to cross the street?

Shall I help you to cross the street?

Can I help you to cross the street?

5.offer your mother or somebody else to help her with the cooking.

I will help you with the cooking.

Would you like me to help you with the cooking?

Shall I help you with the cooking?

Can I help you with the cooking?

Exercise. 2

What do you say?  Write only one sentence for each situation.

  1. A friend has called at your house. Offer him a cup of coffee.

Would you like a cup of coffee?

  1. A friend has called at your flat. Offer him a cack.

would you like a cake?

  1. Somebody is thirsty .Offer to get him something to drink.

I will get you a cold drink.

  1. Invite somebody to stay for lunch.

Would you like to stay for lunch?

Chapter.35 Synonyms ( page no.121)

Chapter.39 Comprehension

( Textbook page no.137 & 138)

Chapter.40 Paragraph writing

Chapter.41 Story Writing  

( Textbook page no.144 & 145)

Chapter 42. Letter Writing 1 &2